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author | marha <marha@users.sourceforge.net> | 2009-06-28 22:07:26 +0000 |
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committer | marha <marha@users.sourceforge.net> | 2009-06-28 22:07:26 +0000 |
commit | 3562e78743202e43aec8727005182a2558117eca (patch) | |
tree | 8f9113a77d12470c5c851a2a8e4cb02e89df7d43 /openssl/doc/apps/pkcs8.pod | |
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fixesproto-4.0.tar.gz
recordproto-1.13.2.tar.gz
randrproto-1.2.2.tar.gz
scrnsaverproto-1.1.0.tar.gz
renderproto-0.9.3.tar.gz
xcmiscproto-1.1.2.tar.gz
fontsproto-2.0.2.tar.gz
xextproto-7.0.3.tar.gz
xproto-7.0.14.tar.gz
libXdmcp-1.0.2.tar.gz
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Diffstat (limited to 'openssl/doc/apps/pkcs8.pod')
-rw-r--r-- | openssl/doc/apps/pkcs8.pod | 243 |
1 files changed, 243 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/openssl/doc/apps/pkcs8.pod b/openssl/doc/apps/pkcs8.pod new file mode 100644 index 000000000..68ecd65b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/openssl/doc/apps/pkcs8.pod @@ -0,0 +1,243 @@ +=pod + +=head1 NAME + +pkcs8 - PKCS#8 format private key conversion tool + +=head1 SYNOPSIS + +B<openssl> B<pkcs8> +[B<-topk8>] +[B<-inform PEM|DER>] +[B<-outform PEM|DER>] +[B<-in filename>] +[B<-passin arg>] +[B<-out filename>] +[B<-passout arg>] +[B<-noiter>] +[B<-nocrypt>] +[B<-nooct>] +[B<-embed>] +[B<-nsdb>] +[B<-v2 alg>] +[B<-v1 alg>] +[B<-engine id>] + +=head1 DESCRIPTION + +The B<pkcs8> command processes private keys in PKCS#8 format. It can handle +both unencrypted PKCS#8 PrivateKeyInfo format and EncryptedPrivateKeyInfo +format with a variety of PKCS#5 (v1.5 and v2.0) and PKCS#12 algorithms. + +=head1 COMMAND OPTIONS + +=over 4 + +=item B<-topk8> + +Normally a PKCS#8 private key is expected on input and a traditional format +private key will be written. With the B<-topk8> option the situation is +reversed: it reads a traditional format private key and writes a PKCS#8 +format key. + +=item B<-inform DER|PEM> + +This specifies the input format. If a PKCS#8 format key is expected on input +then either a B<DER> or B<PEM> encoded version of a PKCS#8 key will be +expected. Otherwise the B<DER> or B<PEM> format of the traditional format +private key is used. + +=item B<-outform DER|PEM> + +This specifies the output format, the options have the same meaning as the +B<-inform> option. + +=item B<-in filename> + +This specifies the input filename to read a key from or standard input if this +option is not specified. If the key is encrypted a pass phrase will be +prompted for. + +=item B<-passin arg> + +the input file password source. For more information about the format of B<arg> +see the B<PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS> section in L<openssl(1)|openssl(1)>. + +=item B<-out filename> + +This specifies the output filename to write a key to or standard output by +default. If any encryption options are set then a pass phrase will be +prompted for. The output filename should B<not> be the same as the input +filename. + +=item B<-passout arg> + +the output file password source. For more information about the format of B<arg> +see the B<PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS> section in L<openssl(1)|openssl(1)>. + +=item B<-nocrypt> + +PKCS#8 keys generated or input are normally PKCS#8 EncryptedPrivateKeyInfo +structures using an appropriate password based encryption algorithm. With +this option an unencrypted PrivateKeyInfo structure is expected or output. +This option does not encrypt private keys at all and should only be used +when absolutely necessary. Certain software such as some versions of Java +code signing software used unencrypted private keys. + +=item B<-nooct> + +This option generates RSA private keys in a broken format that some software +uses. Specifically the private key should be enclosed in a OCTET STRING +but some software just includes the structure itself without the +surrounding OCTET STRING. + +=item B<-embed> + +This option generates DSA keys in a broken format. The DSA parameters are +embedded inside the PrivateKey structure. In this form the OCTET STRING +contains an ASN1 SEQUENCE consisting of two structures: a SEQUENCE containing +the parameters and an ASN1 INTEGER containing the private key. + +=item B<-nsdb> + +This option generates DSA keys in a broken format compatible with Netscape +private key databases. The PrivateKey contains a SEQUENCE consisting of +the public and private keys respectively. + +=item B<-v2 alg> + +This option enables the use of PKCS#5 v2.0 algorithms. Normally PKCS#8 +private keys are encrypted with the password based encryption algorithm +called B<pbeWithMD5AndDES-CBC> this uses 56 bit DES encryption but it +was the strongest encryption algorithm supported in PKCS#5 v1.5. Using +the B<-v2> option PKCS#5 v2.0 algorithms are used which can use any +encryption algorithm such as 168 bit triple DES or 128 bit RC2 however +not many implementations support PKCS#5 v2.0 yet. If you are just using +private keys with OpenSSL then this doesn't matter. + +The B<alg> argument is the encryption algorithm to use, valid values include +B<des>, B<des3> and B<rc2>. It is recommended that B<des3> is used. + +=item B<-v1 alg> + +This option specifies a PKCS#5 v1.5 or PKCS#12 algorithm to use. A complete +list of possible algorithms is included below. + +=item B<-engine id> + +specifying an engine (by it's unique B<id> string) will cause B<req> +to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine, +thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default +for all available algorithms. + +=back + +=head1 NOTES + +The encrypted form of a PEM encode PKCS#8 files uses the following +headers and footers: + + -----BEGIN ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY----- + -----END ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY----- + +The unencrypted form uses: + + -----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY----- + -----END PRIVATE KEY----- + +Private keys encrypted using PKCS#5 v2.0 algorithms and high iteration +counts are more secure that those encrypted using the traditional +SSLeay compatible formats. So if additional security is considered +important the keys should be converted. + +The default encryption is only 56 bits because this is the encryption +that most current implementations of PKCS#8 will support. + +Some software may use PKCS#12 password based encryption algorithms +with PKCS#8 format private keys: these are handled automatically +but there is no option to produce them. + +It is possible to write out DER encoded encrypted private keys in +PKCS#8 format because the encryption details are included at an ASN1 +level whereas the traditional format includes them at a PEM level. + +=head1 PKCS#5 v1.5 and PKCS#12 algorithms. + +Various algorithms can be used with the B<-v1> command line option, +including PKCS#5 v1.5 and PKCS#12. These are described in more detail +below. + +=over 4 + +=item B<PBE-MD2-DES PBE-MD5-DES> + +These algorithms were included in the original PKCS#5 v1.5 specification. +They only offer 56 bits of protection since they both use DES. + +=item B<PBE-SHA1-RC2-64 PBE-MD2-RC2-64 PBE-MD5-RC2-64 PBE-SHA1-DES> + +These algorithms are not mentioned in the original PKCS#5 v1.5 specification +but they use the same key derivation algorithm and are supported by some +software. They are mentioned in PKCS#5 v2.0. They use either 64 bit RC2 or +56 bit DES. + +=item B<PBE-SHA1-RC4-128 PBE-SHA1-RC4-40 PBE-SHA1-3DES PBE-SHA1-2DES PBE-SHA1-RC2-128 PBE-SHA1-RC2-40> + +These algorithms use the PKCS#12 password based encryption algorithm and +allow strong encryption algorithms like triple DES or 128 bit RC2 to be used. + +=back + +=head1 EXAMPLES + +Convert a private from traditional to PKCS#5 v2.0 format using triple +DES: + + openssl pkcs8 -in key.pem -topk8 -v2 des3 -out enckey.pem + +Convert a private key to PKCS#8 using a PKCS#5 1.5 compatible algorithm +(DES): + + openssl pkcs8 -in key.pem -topk8 -out enckey.pem + +Convert a private key to PKCS#8 using a PKCS#12 compatible algorithm +(3DES): + + openssl pkcs8 -in key.pem -topk8 -out enckey.pem -v1 PBE-SHA1-3DES + +Read a DER unencrypted PKCS#8 format private key: + + openssl pkcs8 -inform DER -nocrypt -in key.der -out key.pem + +Convert a private key from any PKCS#8 format to traditional format: + + openssl pkcs8 -in pk8.pem -out key.pem + +=head1 STANDARDS + +Test vectors from this PKCS#5 v2.0 implementation were posted to the +pkcs-tng mailing list using triple DES, DES and RC2 with high iteration +counts, several people confirmed that they could decrypt the private +keys produced and Therefore it can be assumed that the PKCS#5 v2.0 +implementation is reasonably accurate at least as far as these +algorithms are concerned. + +The format of PKCS#8 DSA (and other) private keys is not well documented: +it is hidden away in PKCS#11 v2.01, section 11.9. OpenSSL's default DSA +PKCS#8 private key format complies with this standard. + +=head1 BUGS + +There should be an option that prints out the encryption algorithm +in use and other details such as the iteration count. + +PKCS#8 using triple DES and PKCS#5 v2.0 should be the default private +key format for OpenSSL: for compatibility several of the utilities use +the old format at present. + +=head1 SEE ALSO + +L<dsa(1)|dsa(1)>, L<rsa(1)|rsa(1)>, L<genrsa(1)|genrsa(1)>, +L<gendsa(1)|gendsa(1)> + +=cut |