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-<!DOCTYPE linuxdoc PUBLIC "-//XFree86//DTD linuxdoc//EN">

-  <article>

-

-    <!-- Title information -->

-      <title>Distributed Multihead X design

-      <author>Kevin E. Martin, David H. Dawes, and Rickard E. Faith

-      <date>29 June 2004 (created 25 July 2001)

-      <abstract>

-        This document covers the motivation, background, design, and

-        implementation of the distributed multihead X (DMX) system.  It

-        is a living document and describes the current design and

-        implementation details of the DMX system.  As the project

-        progresses, this document will be continually updated to reflect

-        the changes in the code and/or design.  <it>Copyright 2001 by VA

-        Linux Systems, Inc., Fremont, California.  Copyright 2001-2004

-        by Red Hat, Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina</it>

-      </abstract>

-

-      <!-- Table of contents -->

-    <toc>

-

-<!-- Begin the document -->

-<sect>Introduction

-

-<sect1>The Distributed Multihead X Server

-

-<p>Current Open Source multihead solutions are limited to a single

-physical machine.  A single X server controls multiple display devices,

-which can be arranged as independent heads or unified into a single

-desktop (with Xinerama).  These solutions are limited to the number of

-physical devices that can co-exist in a single machine (e.g., due to the

-number of AGP/PCI slots available for graphics cards).  Thus, large

-tiled displays are not currently possible.  The work described in this

-paper will eliminate the requirement that the display devices reside in

-the same physical machine.  This will be accomplished by developing a

-front-end proxy X server that will control multiple back-end X servers

-that make up the large display.

-

-<p>The overall structure of the distributed multihead X (DMX) project is

-as follows: A single front-end X server will act as a proxy to a set of

-back-end X servers, which handle all of the visible rendering.  X

-clients will connect to the front-end server just as they normally would

-to a regular X server.  The front-end server will present an abstracted

-view to the client of a single large display.  This will ensure that all

-standard X clients will continue to operate without modification

-(limited, as always, by the visuals and extensions provided by the X

-server).  Clients that are DMX-aware will be able to use an extension to

-obtain information about the back-end servers (e.g., for placement of

-pop-up windows, window alignments by the window manager, etc.).

-

-<p>The architecture of the DMX server is divided into two main sections:

-input (e.g., mouse and keyboard events) and output (e.g., rendering and

-windowing requests).  Each of these are describe briefly below, and the

-rest of this design document will describe them in greater detail.

-

-<p>The DMX server can receive input from three general types of input

-devices: "local" devices that are physically attached to the machine on

-which DMX is running, "backend" devices that are physically attached to

-one or more of the back-end X servers (and that generate events via the

-X protocol stream from the backend), and "console" devices that can be

-abstracted from any non-back-end X server.  Backend and console devices

-are treated differently because the pointer device on the back-end X

-server also controls the location of the hardware X cursor.  Full

-support for XInput extension devices is provided.

-

-<p>Rendering requests will be accepted by the front-end server; however,

-rendering to visible windows will be broken down as needed and sent to

-the appropriate back-end server(s) via X11 library calls for actual

-rendering.  The basic framework will follow a Xnest-style approach.  GC

-state will be managed in the front-end server and sent to the

-appropriate back-end server(s) as required.  Pixmap rendering will (at

-least initially) be handled by the front-end X server.  Windowing

-requests (e.g., ordering, mapping, moving, etc.) will handled in the

-front-end server.  If the request requires a visible change, the

-windowing operation will be translated into requests for the appropriate

-back-end server(s).  Window state will be mirrored in the back-end

-server(s) as needed.

-

-<sect1>Layout of Paper

-

-<p>The next section describes the general development plan that was

-actually used for implementation.  The final section discusses

-outstanding issues at the conclusion of development.  The first appendix

-provides low-level technical detail that may be of interest to those

-intimately familiar with the X server architecture.  The final appendix

-describes the four phases of development that were performed during the

-first two years of development.

-

-<p>The final year of work was divided into 9 tasks that are not

-described in specific sections of this document.  The major tasks during

-that time were the enhancement of the reconfiguration ability added in

-Phase IV, addition of support for a dynamic number of back-end displays

-(instead of a hard-coded limit), and the support for back-end display

-and input removal and addition.  This work is mentioned in this paper,

-but is not covered in detail.

-

-<!-- ============================================================ -->

-<sect>Development plan

-

-<p>This section describes the development plan from approximately June

-2001 through July 2003.

-

-<sect1>Bootstrap code

-

-<p>To allow for rapid development of the DMX server by multiple

-developers during the first development stage, the problem will be

-broken down into three tasks: the overall DMX framework, back-end

-rendering services and input device handling services.  However, before

-the work begins on these tasks, a simple framework that each developer

-could use was implemented to bootstrap the development effort.  This

-framework renders to a single back-end server and provides dummy input

-devices (i.e., the keyboard and mouse).  The simple back-end rendering

-service was implemented using the shadow framebuffer support currently

-available in the XFree86 environment.

-

-<p>Using this bootstrapping framework, each developer has been able to

-work on each of the tasks listed above independently as follows: the

-framework will be extended to handle arbitrary back-end server

-configurations; the back-end rendering services will be transitioned to

-the more efficient Xnest-style implementation; and, an input device

-framework to handle various input devices via the input extension will

-be developed.

-

-<p>Status: The boot strap code is complete.  <!-- August 2001 -->

-

-

-<sect1>Input device handling

-

-<p>An X server (including the front-end X server) requires two core

-input devices -- a keyboard and a pointer (mouse).  These core devices

-are handled and required by the core X11 protocol.  Additional types of

-input devices may be attached and utilized via the XInput extension.

-These are usually referred to as ``XInput extension devices'',

-

-<p>There are some options as to how the front-end X server gets its core

-input devices:

-

-<enum>

-    <item>Local Input. The physical input devices (e.g., keyboard and

-    mouse) can be attached directly to the front-end X server.  In this

-    case, the keyboard and mouse on the machine running the front-end X

-    server will be used.  The front-end will have drivers to read the

-    raw input from those devices and convert it into the required X

-    input events (e.g., key press/release, pointer button press/release,

-    pointer motion).  The front-end keyboard driver will keep track of

-    keyboard properties such as key and modifier mappings, autorepeat

-    state, keyboard sound and led state.  Similarly the front-end

-    pointer driver will keep track if pointer properties such as the

-    button mapping and movement acceleration parameters.  With this

-    option, input is handled fully in the front-end X server, and the

-    back-end X servers are used in a display-only mode.  This option was

-    implemented and works for a limited number of Linux-specific

-    devices.  Adding additional local input devices for other

-    architectures is expected to be relatively simple.

-

-    <p>The following options are available for implementing local input

-    devices:

-

-    <enum>

-        <item>The XFree86 X server has modular input drivers that could

-        be adapted for this purpose.  The mouse driver supports a wide

-        range of mouse types and interfaces, as well as a range of

-        Operating System platforms.  The keyboard driver in XFree86 is

-        not currently as modular as the mouse driver, but could be made

-        so.  The XFree86 X server also has a range of other input

-        drivers for extended input devices such as tablets and touch

-        screens.  Unfortunately, the XFree86 drivers are generally

-        complex, often simultaneously providing support for multiple

-        devices across multiple architectures; and rely so heavily on

-        XFree86-specific helper-functions, that this option was not

-        pursued.

-

-

-        <item>The <tt/kdrive/ X server in XFree86 has built-in drivers that

-        support PS/2 mice and keyboard under Linux.  The mouse driver

-        can indirectly handle other mouse types if the Linux utility

-        <tt/gpm/ is used as to translate the native mouse protocol into

-        PS/2 mouse format.  These drivers could be adapted and built in

-        to the front-end X server if this range of hardware and OS

-        support is sufficient.  While much simpler than the XFree86

-        drivers, the <tt/kdrive/ drivers were not used for the DMX

-        implementation.

-

-        <item>Reimplementation of keyboard and mouse drivers from

-        scratch for the DMX framework.  Because keyboard and mouse

-        drivers are relatively trivial to implement, this pathway was

-        selected.  Other drivers in the X source tree were referenced,

-        and significant contributions from other drivers are noted in

-        the DMX source code.

-    </enum>

-

-    <item>Backend Input.  The front-end can make use of the core input

-    devices attached to one or more of the back-end X servers.  Core

-    input events from multiple back-ends are merged into a single input

-    event stream.  This can work sanely when only a single set of input

-    devices is used at any given time.  The keyboard and pointer state

-    will be handled in the front-end, with changes propagated to the

-    back-end servers as needed.  This option was implemented and works

-    well.  Because the core pointer on a back-end controls the hardware

-    mouse on that back-end, core pointers cannot be treated as XInput

-    extension devices.  However, all back-end XInput extensions devices

-    can be mapped to either DMX core or DMX XInput extension devices.

-

-    <item>Console Input.  The front-end server could create a console

-    window that is displayed on an X server independent of the back-end

-    X servers.  This console window could display things like the

-    physical screen layout, and the front-end could get its core input

-    events from events delivered to the console window.  This option was

-    implemented and works well.  To help the human navigate, window

-    outlines are also displayed in the console window.  Further, console

-    windows can be used as either core or XInput extension devices.

-

-    <item>Other options were initially explored, but they were all

-    partial subsets of the options listed above and, hence, are

-    irrelevant.

-

-</enum>

-

-<p>Although extended input devices are not specifically mentioned in the

-Distributed X requirements, the options above were all implemented so

-that XInput extension devices were supported.

-

-<p>The bootstrap code (Xdmx) had dummy input devices, and these are

-still supported in the final version.  These do the necessary

-initialization to satisfy the X server's requirements for core pointer

-and keyboard devices, but no input events are ever generated.

-

-<p>Status: The input code is complete.  Because of the complexity of the

-XFree86 input device drivers (and their heavy reliance on XFree86

-infrastructure), separate low-level device drivers were implemented for

-Xdmx.  The following kinds of drivers are supported (in general, the

-devices can be treated arbitrarily as "core" input devices or as XInput

-"extension" devices; and multiple instances of different kinds of

-devices can be simultaneously available):

-    <enum>

-        <item> A "dummy" device drive that never generates events.

-

-        <item> "Local" input is from the low-level hardware on which the

-        Xdmx binary is running.  This is the only area where using the

-        XFree86 driver infrastructure would have been helpful, and then

-        only partially, since good support for generic USB devices does

-        not yet exist in XFree86 (in any case, XFree86 and kdrive driver

-        code was used where possible).  Currently, the following local

-        devices are supported under Linux (porting to other operating

-        systems should be fairly straightforward):

-        <itemize>

-            <item>Linux keyboard

-            <item>Linux serial mouse (MS)

-            <item>Linux PS/2 mouse

-            <item>USB keyboard

-            <item>USB mouse

-            <item>USB generic device (e.g., joystick, gamepad, etc.)

-        </itemize>

-

-        <item> "Backend" input is taken from one or more of the back-end

-        displays.  In this case, events are taken from the back-end X

-        server and are converted to Xdmx events.  Care must be taken so

-        that the sprite moves properly on the display from which input

-        is being taken.

-

-        <item> "Console" input is taken from an X window that Xdmx

-        creates on the operator's display (i.e., on the machine running

-        the Xdmx binary).  When the operator's mouse is inside the

-        console window, then those events are converted to Xdmx events.

-        Several special features are available: the console can display

-        outlines of windows that are on the Xdmx display (to facilitate

-        navigation), the cursor can be confined to the console, and a

-        "fine" mode can be activated to allow very precise cursor

-        positioning.

-    </enum>

-

-

-<!-- May 2002; July 2003 -->

-

-<sect1>Output device handling

-

-<p>The output of the DMX system displays rendering and windowing

-requests across multiple screens.  The screens are typically arranged in

-a grid such that together they represent a single large display.

-

-<p>The output section of the DMX code consists of two parts.  The first

-is in the front-end proxy X server (Xdmx), which accepts client

-connections, manages the windows, and potentially renders primitives but

-does not actually display any of the drawing primitives.  The second

-part is the back-end X server(s), which accept commands from the

-front-end server and display the results on their screens.

-

-<sect2>Initialization

-

-<p>The DMX front-end must first initialize its screens by connecting to

-each of the back-end X servers and collecting information about each of

-these screens.  However, the information collected from the back-end X

-servers might be inconsistent.  Handling these cases can be difficult

-and/or inefficient.  For example, a two screen system has one back-end X

-server running at 16bpp while the second is running at 32bpp.

-Converting rendering requests (e.g., XPutImage() or XGetImage()

-requests) to the appropriate bit depth can be very time consuming.

-Analyzing these cases to determine how or even if it is possible to

-handle them is required.  The current Xinerama code handles many of

-these cases (e.g., in PanoramiXConsolidate()) and will be used as a

-starting point.  In general, the best solution is to use homogeneous X

-servers and display devices.  Using back-end servers with the same depth

-is a requirement of the final DMX implementation.

-

-<p>Once this screen consolidation is finished, the relative position of

-each back-end X server's screen in the unified screen is initialized.  A

-full-screen window is opened on each of the back-end X servers, and the

-cursor on each screen is turned off.  The final DMX implementation can

-also make use of a partial-screen window, or multiple windows per

-back-end screen.

-

-<sect2>Handling rendering requests

-

-<p>After initialization, X applications connect to the front-end server.

-There are two possible implementations of how rendering and windowing

-requests are handled in the DMX system:

-

-<enum>

-    <item>A shadow framebuffer is used in the front-end server as the

-    render target.  In this option, all protocol requests are completely

-    handled in the front-end server.  All state and resources are

-    maintained in the front-end including a shadow copy of the entire

-    framebuffer.  The framebuffers attached to the back-end servers are

-    updated by XPutImage() calls with data taken directly from the

-    shadow framebuffer.

-

-    <p>This solution suffers from two main problems.  First, it does not

-    take advantage of any accelerated hardware available in the system.

-    Second, the size of the XPutImage() calls can be quite large and

-    thus will be limited by the bandwidth available.

-

-    <p>The initial DMX implementation used a shadow framebuffer by

-    default.

-

-    <item>Rendering requests are sent to each back-end server for

-    handling (as is done in the Xnest server described above).  In this

-    option, certain protocol requests are handled in the front-end

-    server and certain requests are repackaged and then sent to the

-    back-end servers.  The framebuffer is distributed across the

-    multiple back-end servers.  Rendering to the framebuffer is handled

-    on each back-end and can take advantage of any acceleration

-    available on the back-end servers' graphics display device.  State

-    is maintained both in the front and back-end servers.

-

-    <p>This solution suffers from two main drawbacks.  First, protocol

-    requests are sent to all back-end servers -- even those that will

-    completely clip the rendering primitive -- which wastes bandwidth

-    and processing time.  Second, state is maintained both in the front-

-    and back-end servers.  These drawbacks are not as severe as in

-    option 1 (above) and can either be overcome through optimizations or

-    are acceptable.  Therefore, this option will be used in the final

-    implementation.

-

-    <p>The final DMX implementation defaults to this mechanism, but also

-    supports the shadow framebuffer mechanism.  Several optimizations

-    were implemented to eliminate the drawbacks of the default

-    mechanism.  These optimizations are described the section below and

-    in Phase II of the Development Results (see appendix).

-

-</enum>

-

-<p>Status: Both the shadow framebuffer and Xnest-style code is complete.

-<!-- May 2002 -->

-

-

-<sect1>Optimizing DMX

-

-<p>Initially, the Xnest-style solution's performance will be measured

-and analyzed to determine where the performance bottlenecks exist.

-There are four main areas that will be addressed.

-

-<p>First, to obtain reasonable interactivity with the first development

-phase, XSync() was called after each protocol request.  The XSync()

-function flushes any pending protocol requests.  It then waits for the

-back-end to process the request and send a reply that the request has

-completed.  This happens with each back-end server and performance

-greatly suffers.  As a result of the way XSync() is called in the first

-development phase, the batching that the X11 library performs is

-effectively defeated.  The XSync() call usage will be analyzed and

-optimized by batching calls and performing them at regular intervals,

-except where interactivity will suffer (e.g., on cursor movements).

-

-<p>Second, the initial Xnest-style solution described above sends the

-repackaged protocol requests to all back-end servers regardless of

-whether or not they would be completely clipped out.  The requests that

-are trivially rejected on the back-end server wastes the limited

-bandwidth available.  By tracking clipping changes in the DMX X server's

-windowing code (e.g., by opening, closing, moving or resizing windows),

-we can determine whether or not back-end windows are visible so that

-trivial tests in the front-end server's GC ops drawing functions can

-eliminate these unnecessary protocol requests.

-

-<p>Third, each protocol request will be analyzed to determine if it is

-possible to break the request into smaller pieces at display boundaries.

-The initial ones to be analyzed are put and get image requests since

-they will require the greatest bandwidth to transmit data between the

-front and back-end servers.  Other protocol requests will be analyzed

-and those that will benefit from breaking them into smaller requests

-will be implemented.

-

-<p>Fourth, an extension is being considered that will allow font glyphs to

-be transferred from the front-end DMX X server to each back-end server.

-This extension will permit the front-end to handle all font requests and

-eliminate the requirement that all back-end X servers share the exact

-same fonts as the front-end server.  We are investigating the

-feasibility of this extension during this development phase.

-

-<p>Other potential optimizations will be determined from the performance

-analysis.

-

-<p>Please note that in our initial design, we proposed optimizing BLT

-operations (e.g., XCopyArea() and window moves) by developing an

-extension that would allow individual back-end servers to directly copy

-pixel data to other back-end servers.  This potential optimization was

-in response to the simple image movement implementation that required

-potentially many calls to GetImage() and PutImage().  However, the

-current Xinerama implementation handles these BLT operations

-differently.  Instead of copying data to and from screens, they generate

-expose events -- just as happens in the case when a window is moved from

-off a screen to on screen.  This approach saves the limited bandwidth

-available between front and back-end servers and is being standardized

-with Xinerama.  It also eliminates the potential setup problems and

-security issues resulting from having each back-end server open

-connections to all other back-end servers.  Therefore, we suggest

-accepting Xinerama's expose event solution.

-

-<p>Also note that the approach proposed in the second and third

-optimizations might cause backing store algorithms in the back-end to be

-defeated, so a DMX X server configuration flag will be added to disable

-these optimizations.

-

-<p>Status: The optimizations proposed above are complete.  It was

-determined that the using the xfs font server was sufficient and

-creating a new mechanism to pass glyphs was redundant; therefore, the

-fourth optimization proposed above was not included in DMX.

-<!-- September 2002 -->

-

-

-<sect1>DMX X extension support

-

-<p>The DMX X server keeps track of all the windowing information on the

-back-end X servers, but does not currently export this information to

-any client applications.  An extension will be developed to pass the

-screen information and back-end window IDs to DMX-aware clients.  These

-clients can then use this information to directly connect to and render

-to the back-end windows.  Bypassing the DMX X server allows DMX-aware

-clients to break up complex rendering requests on their own and send

-them directly to the windows on the back-end server's screens.  An

-example of a client that can make effective use of this extension is

-Chromium.

-

-<p>Status: The extension, as implemented, is fully documented in

-"Client-to-Server DMX Extension to the X Protocol".  Future changes

-might be required based on feedback and other proposed enhancements to

-DMX.  Currently, the following facilities are supported:

-<enum>

-    <item>

-        Screen information (clipping rectangle for each screen relative

-        to the virtual screen)

-    <item>

-        Window information (window IDs and clipping information for each

-        back-end window that corresponds to each DMX window)

-    <item>

-        Input device information (mappings from DMX device IDs to

-        back-end device IDs)

-    <item>

-        Force window creation (so that a client can override the

-        server-side lazy window creation optimization)

-    <item>

-        Reconfiguration (so that a client can request that a screen

-        position be changed)

-    <item>

-        Addition and removal of back-end servers and back-end and

-        console inputs.

-</enum>

-<!-- September 2002; July 2003 -->

-

-

-<sect1>Common X extension support

-

-<p>The XInput, XKeyboard and Shape extensions are commonly used

-extensions to the base X11 protocol.  XInput allows multiple and

-non-standard input devices to be accessed simultaneously.  These input

-devices can be connected to either the front-end or back-end servers.

-XKeyboard allows much better keyboard mappings control.  Shape adds

-support for arbitrarily shaped windows and is used by various window

-managers.  Nearly all potential back-end X servers make these extensions

-available, and support for each one will be added to the DMX system.

-

-<p>In addition to the extensions listed above, support for the X

-Rendering extension (Render) is being developed.  Render adds digital

-image composition to the rendering model used by the X Window System.

-While this extension is still under development by Keith Packard of HP,

-support for the current version will be added to the DMX system.

-

-<p>Support for the XTest extension was added during the first

-development phase.

-

-<!-- WARNING: this list is duplicated in the Phase IV discussion -->

-<p>Status: The following extensions are supported and are discussed in

-more detail in Phase IV of the Development Results (see appendix):

-    BIG-REQUESTS,

-    DEC-XTRAP,

-    DMX,

-    DPMS,

-    Extended-Visual-Information,

-    GLX,

-    LBX,

-    RECORD,

-    RENDER,

-    SECURITY,

-    SHAPE,

-    SYNC,

-    X-Resource,

-    XC-APPGROUP,

-    XC-MISC,

-    XFree86-Bigfont,

-    XINERAMA,

-    XInputExtension,

-    XKEYBOARD, and

-    XTEST.

-<!-- November 2002; updated February 2003, July 2003 -->

-

-<sect1>OpenGL support

-

-<p>OpenGL support using the Mesa code base exists in XFree86 release 4

-and later.  Currently, the direct rendering infrastructure (DRI)

-provides accelerated OpenGL support for local clients and unaccelerated

-OpenGL support (i.e., software rendering) is provided for non-local

-clients.

-

-<p>The single head OpenGL support in XFree86 4.x will be extended to use

-the DMX system.  When the front and back-end servers are on the same

-physical hardware, it is possible to use the DRI to directly render to

-the back-end servers.  First, the existing DRI will be extended to

-support multiple display heads, and then to support the DMX system.

-OpenGL rendering requests will be direct rendering to each back-end X

-server.  The DRI will request the screen layout (either from the

-existing Xinerama extension or a DMX-specific extension).  Support for

-synchronized swap buffers will also be added (on hardware that supports

-it).  Note that a single front-end server with a single back-end server

-on the same physical machine can emulate accelerated indirect rendering.

-

-<p>When the front and back-end servers are on different physical

-hardware or are using non-XFree86 4.x X servers, a mechanism to render

-primitives across the back-end servers will be provided.  There are

-several options as to how this can be implemented.

-

-<enum>

-    <item>The existing OpenGL support in each back-end server can be

-    used by repackaging rendering primitives and sending them to each

-    back-end server.  This option is similar to the unoptimized

-    Xnest-style approach mentioned above.  Optimization of this solution

-    is beyond the scope of this project and is better suited to other

-    distributed rendering systems.

-

-    <item>Rendering to a pixmap in the front-end server using the

-    current XFree86 4.x code, and then displaying to the back-ends via

-    calls to XPutImage() is another option.  This option is similar to

-    the shadow frame buffer approach mentioned above.  It is slower and

-    bandwidth intensive, but has the advantage that the back-end servers

-    are not required to have OpenGL support.

-</enum>

-

-<p>These, and other, options will be investigated in this phase of the

-work.

-

-<p>Work by others have made Chromium DMX-aware.  Chromium will use the

-DMX X protocol extension to obtain information about the back-end

-servers and will render directly to those servers, bypassing DMX.

-

-<p>Status: OpenGL support by the glxProxy extension was implemented by

-SGI and has been integrated into the DMX code base.

-<!-- May 2003-->

-

-

-<!-- ============================================================ -->

-<sect>Current issues

-

-<p>In this sections the current issues are outlined that require further

-investigation.

-

-<sect1>Fonts

-

-<p>The font path and glyphs need to be the same for the front-end and

-each of the back-end servers.  Font glyphs could be sent to the back-end

-servers as necessary but this would consume a significant amount of

-available bandwidth during font rendering for clients that use many

-different fonts (e.g., Netscape).  Initially, the font server (xfs) will

-be used to provide the fonts to both the front-end and back-end servers.

-Other possibilities will be investigated during development.

-

-<sect1>Zero width rendering primitives

-

-<p>To allow pixmap and on-screen rendering to be pixel perfect, all

-back-end servers must render zero width primitives exactly the same as

-the front-end renders the primitives to pixmaps.  For those back-end

-servers that do not exactly match, zero width primitives will be

-automatically converted to one width primitives.  This can be handled in

-the front-end server via the GC state.

-

-<sect1>Output scaling

-

-<p>With very large tiled displays, it might be difficult to read the

-information on the standard X desktop.  In particular, the cursor can be

-easily lost and fonts could be difficult to read.  Automatic primitive

-scaling might prove to be very useful.  We will investigate the

-possibility of scaling the cursor and providing a set of alternate

-pre-scaled fonts to replace the standard fonts that many applications

-use (e.g., fixed).  Other options for automatic scaling will also be

-investigated.

-

-<sect1>Per-screen colormaps

-

-<p>Each screen's default colormap in the set of back-end X servers

-should be able to be adjusted via a configuration utility.  This support

-is would allow the back-end screens to be calibrated via custom gamma

-tables.  On 24-bit systems that support a DirectColor visual, this type

-of correction can be accommodated.  One possible implementation would be

-to advertise to X client of the DMX server a TrueColor visual while

-using DirectColor visuals on the back-end servers to implement this type

-of color correction.  Other options will be investigated.

-

-<!-- ============================================================ -->

-<appendix>

-

-<sect>Background

-

-<p>This section describes the existing Open Source architectures that

-can be used to handle multiple screens and upon which this development

-project is based.  This section was written before the implementation

-was finished, and may not reflect actual details of the implementation.

-It is left for historical interest only.

-

-<sect1>Core input device handling

-

-<p>The following is a description of how core input devices are handled

-by an X server.

-

-<sect2>InitInput()

-

-<p>InitInput() is a DDX function that is called at the start of each

-server generation from the X server's main() function.  Its purpose is

-to determine what input devices are connected to the X server, register

-them with the DIX and MI layers, and initialize the input event queue.

-InitInput() does not have a return value, but the X server will abort if

-either a core keyboard device or a core pointer device are not

-registered.  Extended input (XInput) devices can also be registered in

-InitInput().

-

-<p>InitInput() usually has implementation specific code to determine

-which input devices are available.  For each input device it will be

-using, it calls AddInputDevice():

-

-<descrip>

-<tag/AddInputDevice()/ This DIX function allocates the device structure,

-registers a callback function (which handles device init, close, on and

-off), and returns the input handle, which can be treated as opaque.  It

-is called once for each input device.

-</descrip>

-

-<p>Once input handles for core keyboard and core pointer devices have

-been obtained from AddInputDevice(), they are registered as core devices

-by calling RegisterPointerDevice() and RegisterKeyboardDevice().  Each

-of these should be called once.  If both core devices are not

-registered, then the X server will exit with a fatal error when it

-attempts to start the input devices in InitAndStartDevices(), which is

-called directly after InitInput() (see below).

-

-<descrip>

-<tag/Register{Pointer,Keyboard}Device()/ These DIX functions take a

-handle returned from AddInputDevice() and initialize the core input

-device fields in inputInfo, and initialize the input processing and grab

-functions for each core input device.

-</descrip>

-

-<p>The core pointer device is then registered with the miPointer code

-(which does the high level cursor handling).  While this registration

-is not necessary for correct miPointer operation in the current XFree86

-code, it is still done mostly for compatibility reasons.

-

-<descrip>

-<tag/miRegisterPointerDevice()/ This MI function registers the core

-pointer's input handle with with the miPointer code.

-</descrip>

-

-<p>The final part of InitInput() is the initialization of the input

-event queue handling.  In most cases, the event queue handling provided

-in the MI layer is used.  The primary XFree86 X server uses its own

-event queue handling to support some special cases related to the XInput

-extension and the XFree86-specific DGA extension.  For our purposes, the

-MI event queue handling should be suitable.  It is initialized by

-calling mieqInit():

-

-<descrip>

-<tag/mieqInit()/ This MI function initializes the MI event queue for the

-core devices, and is passed the public component of the input handles

-for the two core devices.

-</descrip>

-

-<p>If a wakeup handler is required to deliver synchronous input

-events, it can be registered here by calling the DIX function

-RegisterBlockAndWakeupHandlers().  (See the devReadInput() description

-below.)

-

-<sect2>InitAndStartDevices()

-

-<p>InitAndStartDevices() is a DIX function that is called immediately

-after InitInput() from the X server's main() function.  Its purpose is

-to initialize each input device that was registered with

-AddInputDevice(), enable each input device that was successfully

-initialized, and create the list of enabled input devices.  Once each

-registered device is processed in this way, the list of enabled input

-devices is checked to make sure that both a core keyboard device and

-core pointer device were registered and successfully enabled.  If not,

-InitAndStartDevices() returns failure, and results in the the X server

-exiting with a fatal error.

-

-<p>Each registered device is initialized by calling its callback

-(dev-&gt;deviceProc) with the DEVICE_INIT argument:

-

-<descrip>

-<tag/(*dev-&gt;deviceProc)(dev, DEVICE_INIT)/ This function initializes the

-device structs with core information relevant to the device.

-

-<p>For pointer devices, this means specifying the number of buttons,

-default button mapping, the function used to get motion events (usually

-miPointerGetMotionEvents()), the function used to change/control the

-core pointer motion parameters (acceleration and threshold), and the

-motion buffer size.

-

-<p>For keyboard devices, this means specifying the keycode range,

-default keycode to keysym mapping, default modifier mapping, and the

-functions used to sound the keyboard bell and modify/control the

-keyboard parameters (LEDs, bell pitch and duration, key click, which

-keys are auto-repeating, etc).

-</descrip>

-

-<p>Each initialized device is enabled by calling EnableDevice():

-

-<descrip>

-<tag/EnableDevice()/ EnableDevice() calls the device callback with

-DEVICE_ON:

-    <descrip>

-    <tag/(*dev-&gt;deviceProc)(dev, DEVICE_ON)/ This typically opens and

-    initializes the relevant physical device, and when appropriate,

-    registers the device's file descriptor (or equivalent) as a valid

-    input source.

-    </descrip>

-

-    <p>EnableDevice() then adds the device handle to the X server's

-    global list of enabled devices.

-</descrip>

-

-<p>InitAndStartDevices() then verifies that a valid core keyboard and

-pointer has been initialized and enabled.  It returns failure if either

-are missing.

-

-<sect2>devReadInput()

-

-<p>Each device will have some function that gets called to read its

-physical input.  These may be called in a number of different ways.  In

-the case of synchronous I/O, they will be called from a DDX

-wakeup-handler that gets called after the server detects that new input is

-available.  In the case of asynchronous I/O, they will be called from a

-(SIGIO) signal handler triggered when new input is available.  This

-function should do at least two things: make sure that input events get

-enqueued, and make sure that the cursor gets moved for motion events

-(except if these are handled later by the driver's own event queue

-processing function, which cannot be done when using the MI event queue

-handling).

-

-<p>Events are queued by calling mieqEnqueue():

-

-<descrip>

-<tag/mieqEnqueue()/ This MI function is used to add input events to the

-event queue.  It is simply passed the event to be queued.

-</descrip>

-

-<p>The cursor position should be updated when motion events are

-enqueued, by calling either miPointerAbsoluteCursor() or

-miPointerDeltaCursor():

-

-<descrip>

-<tag/miPointerAbsoluteCursor()/ This MI function is used to move the

-cursor to the absolute coordinates provided.

-<tag/miPointerDeltaCursor()/ This MI function is used to move the cursor

-relative to its current position.

-</descrip>

-

-<sect2>ProcessInputEvents()

-

-<p>ProcessInputEvents() is a DDX function that is called from the X

-server's main dispatch loop when new events are available in the input

-event queue.  It typically processes the enqueued events, and updates

-the cursor/pointer position.  It may also do other DDX-specific event

-processing.

-

-<p>Enqueued events are processed by mieqProcessInputEvents() and passed

-to the DIX layer for transmission to clients:

-

-<descrip>

-<tag/mieqProcessInputEvents()/ This function processes each event in the

-event queue, and passes it to the device's input processing function.

-The DIX layer provides default functions to do this processing, and they

-handle the task of getting the events passed back to the relevant

-clients.

-<tag/miPointerUpdate()/ This function resynchronized the cursor position

-with the new pointer position.  It also takes care of moving the cursor

-between screens when needed in multi-head configurations.

-</descrip>

-

-

-<sect2>DisableDevice()

-

-<p>DisableDevice is a DIX function that removes an input device from the

-list of enabled devices.  The result of this is that the device no

-longer generates input events.  The device's data structures are kept in

-place, and disabling a device like this can be reversed by calling

-EnableDevice().  DisableDevice() may be called from the DDX when it is

-desirable to do so (e.g., the XFree86 server does this when VT

-switching).  Except for special cases, this is not normally called for

-core input devices.

-

-<p>DisableDevice() calls the device's callback function with

-<tt/DEVICE_OFF/:

-

-<descrip>

-<tag/(*dev-&gt;deviceProc)(dev, DEVICE_OFF)/ This typically closes the

-relevant physical device, and when appropriate, unregisters the device's

-file descriptor (or equivalent) as a valid input source.

-</descrip>

-

-<p>DisableDevice() then removes the device handle from the X server's

-global list of enabled devices.

-

-

-<sect2>CloseDevice()

-

-<p>CloseDevice is a DIX function that removes an input device from the

-list of available devices.  It disables input from the device and frees

-all data structures associated with the device.  This function is

-usually called from CloseDownDevices(), which is called from main() at

-the end of each server generation to close all input devices.

-

-<p>CloseDevice() calls the device's callback function with

-<tt/DEVICE_CLOSE/:

-

-<descrip>

-<tag/(*dev-&gt;deviceProc)(dev, DEVICE_CLOSE)/ This typically closes the

-relevant physical device, and when appropriate, unregisters the device's

-file descriptor (or equivalent) as a valid input source.  If any device

-specific data structures were allocated when the device was initialized,

-they are freed here.

-</descrip>

-

-<p>CloseDevice() then frees the data structures that were allocated

-for the device when it was registered/initialized.

-

-

-<sect2>LegalModifier()

-<!-- dmx/dmxinput.c - currently returns TRUE -->           

-<p>LegalModifier() is a required DDX function that can be used to

-restrict which keys may be modifier keys.  This seems to be present for

-historical reasons, so this function should simply return TRUE

-unconditionally.

-

-

-<sect1>Output handling

-

-<p>The following sections describe the main functions required to

-initialize, use and close the output device(s) for each screen in the X

-server.

-

-<sect2>InitOutput()

-

-<p>This DDX function is called near the start of each server generation

-from the X server's main() function.  InitOutput()'s main purpose is to

-initialize each screen and fill in the global screenInfo structure for

-each screen.  It is passed three arguments: a pointer to the screenInfo

-struct, which it is to initialize, and argc and argv from main(), which

-can be used to determine additional configuration information.

-

-<p>The primary tasks for this function are outlined below:

-

-<enum>

-    <item><bf/Parse configuration info:/ The first task of InitOutput()

-    is to parses any configuration information from the configuration

-    file.  In addition to the XF86Config file, other configuration

-    information can be taken from the command line.  The command line

-    options can be gathered either in InitOutput() or earlier in the

-    ddxProcessArgument() function, which is called by

-    ProcessCommandLine().  The configuration information determines the

-    characteristics of the screen(s).  For example, in the XFree86 X

-    server, the XF86Config file specifies the monitor information, the

-    screen resolution, the graphics devices and slots in which they are

-    located, and, for Xinerama, the screens' layout.

-

-    <item><bf/Initialize screen info:/ The next task is to initialize

-    the screen-dependent internal data structures.  For example, part of

-    what the XFree86 X server does is to allocate its screen and pixmap

-    private indices, probe for graphics devices, compare the probed

-    devices to the ones listed in the XF86Config file, and add the ones that

-    match to the internal xf86Screens&lsqb;&rsqb; structure.

-

-    <item><bf/Set pixmap formats:/ The next task is to initialize the

-    screenInfo's image byte order, bitmap bit order and bitmap scanline

-    unit/pad.  The screenInfo's pixmap format's depth, bits per pixel

-    and scanline padding is also initialized at this stage.

-

-    <item><bf/Unify screen info:/ An optional task that might be done at

-    this stage is to compare all of the information from the various

-    screens and determines if they are compatible (i.e., if the set of

-    screens can be unified into a single desktop).  This task has

-    potential to be useful to the DMX front-end server, if Xinerama's

-    PanoramiXConsolidate() function is not sufficient.

-</enum>

-

-<p>Once these tasks are complete, the valid screens are known and each

-of these screens can be initialized by calling AddScreen().

-

-<sect2>AddScreen()

-

-<p>This DIX function is called from InitOutput(), in the DDX layer, to

-add each new screen to the screenInfo structure.  The DDX screen

-initialization function and command line arguments (i.e., argc and argv)

-are passed to it as arguments.

-

-<p>This function first allocates a new Screen structure and any privates

-that are required.  It then initializes some of the fields in the Screen

-struct and sets up the pixmap padding information.  Finally, it calls

-the DDX screen initialization function ScreenInit(), which is described

-below.  It returns the number of the screen that were just added, or -1

-if there is insufficient memory to add the screen or if the DDX screen

-initialization fails.

-

-<sect2>ScreenInit()

-

-<p>This DDX function initializes the rest of the Screen structure with

-either generic or screen-specific functions (as necessary).  It also

-fills in various screen attributes (e.g., width and height in

-millimeters, black and white pixel values).

-

-<p>The screen init function usually calls several functions to perform

-certain screen initialization functions.  They are described below:

-

-<descrip>

-<tag/{mi,*fb}ScreenInit()/ The DDX layer's ScreenInit() function usually

-calls another layer's ScreenInit() function (e.g., miScreenInit() or

-fbScreenInit()) to initialize the fallbacks that the DDX driver does not

-specifically handle.

-

-<p>After calling another layer's ScreenInit() function, any

-screen-specific functions either wrap or replace the other layer's

-function pointers.  If a function is to be wrapped, each of the old

-function pointers from the other layer are stored in a screen private

-area.  Common functions to wrap are CloseScreen() and SaveScreen().

-

-<tag/miInitializeBackingStore()/ This MI function initializes the

-screen's backing storage functions, which are used to save areas of

-windows that are currently covered by other windows.

-

-<tag/miDCInitialize()/ This MI function initializes the MI cursor

-display structures and function pointers.  If a hardware cursor is used,

-the DDX layer's ScreenInit() function will wrap additional screen and

-the MI cursor display function pointers.

-</descrip>

-

-<p>Another common task for ScreenInit() function is to initialize the

-output device state.  For example, in the XFree86 X server, the

-ScreenInit() function saves the original state of the video card and

-then initializes the video mode of the graphics device.

-

-<sect2>CloseScreen()

-

-<p>This function restores any wrapped screen functions (and in

-particular the wrapped CloseScreen() function) and restores the state of

-the output device to its original state.  It should also free any

-private data it created during the screen initialization.

-

-<sect2>GC operations

-

-<p>When the X server is requested to render drawing primitives, it does

-so by calling drawing functions through the graphics context's operation

-function pointer table (i.e., the GCOps functions).  These functions

-render the basic graphics operations such as drawing rectangles, lines,

-text or copying pixmaps.  Default routines are provided either by the MI

-layer, which draws indirectly through a simple span interface, or by the

-framebuffer layers (e.g., CFB, MFB, FB), which draw directly to a

-linearly mapped frame buffer.

-

-<p>To take advantage of special hardware on the graphics device,

-specific GCOps functions can be replaced by device specific code.

-However, many times the graphics devices can handle only a subset of the

-possible states of the GC, so during graphics context validation,

-appropriate routines are selected based on the state and capabilities of

-the hardware.  For example, some graphics hardware can accelerate single

-pixel width lines with certain dash patterns.  Thus, for dash patterns

-that are not supported by hardware or for width 2 or greater lines, the

-default routine is chosen during GC validation.

-

-<p>Note that some pointers to functions that draw to the screen are

-stored in the Screen structure.  They include GetImage(), GetSpans(),

-CopyWindow() and RestoreAreas().

-

-<sect2>Xnest

-

-<p>The Xnest X server is a special proxy X server that relays the X

-protocol requests that it receives to a ``real'' X server that then

-processes the requests and displays the results, if applicable.  To the X

-applications, Xnest appears as if it is a regular X server.  However,

-Xnest is both server to the X application and client of the real X

-server, which will actually handle the requests.

-

-<p>The Xnest server implements all of the standard input and output

-initialization steps outlined above.

-

-<descrip>

-<tag/InitOutput()/ Xnest takes its configuration information from

-command line arguments via ddxProcessArguments().  This information

-includes the real X server display to connect to, its default visual

-class, the screen depth, the Xnest window's geometry, etc.  Xnest then

-connects to the real X server and gathers visual, colormap, depth and

-pixmap information about that server's display, creates a window on that

-server, which will be used as the root window for Xnest.

-

-<p>Next, Xnest initializes its internal data structures and uses the

-data from the real X server's pixmaps to initialize its own pixmap

-formats.  Finally, it calls AddScreen(xnestOpenScreen, argc, argv) to

-initialize each of its screens.

-

-<tag/ScreenInit()/ Xnest's ScreenInit() function is called

-xnestOpenScreen().  This function initializes its screen's depth and

-visual information, and then calls miScreenInit() to set up the default

-screen functions.  It then calls miInitializeBackingStore() and

-miDCInitialize() to initialize backing store and the software cursor.

-Finally, it replaces many of the screen functions with its own

-functions that repackage and send the requests to the real X server to

-which Xnest is attached.

-

-<tag/CloseScreen()/ This function frees its internal data structure

-allocations.  Since it replaces instead of wrapping screen functions,

-there are no function pointers to unwrap.  This can potentially lead to

-problems during server regeneration.

-

-<tag/GC operations/ The GC operations in Xnest are very simple since

-they leave all of the drawing to the real X server to which Xnest is

-attached.  Each of the GCOps takes the request and sends it to the

-real X server using standard Xlib calls.  For example, the X

-application issues a XDrawLines() call.  This function turns into a

-protocol request to Xnest, which calls the xnestPolylines() function

-through Xnest's GCOps function pointer table.  The xnestPolylines()

-function is only a single line, which calls XDrawLines() using the same

-arguments that were passed into it.  Other GCOps functions are very

-similar.  Two exceptions to the simple GCOps functions described above

-are the image functions and the BLT operations.

-

-<p>The image functions, GetImage() and PutImage(), must use a temporary

-image to hold the image to be put of the image that was just grabbed

-from the screen while it is in transit to the real X server or the

-client.  When the image has been transmitted, the temporary image is

-destroyed.

-

-<p>The BLT operations, CopyArea() and CopyPlane(), handle not only the

-copy function, which is the same as the simple cases described above,

-but also the graphics exposures that result when the GC's graphics

-exposure bit is set to True.  Graphics exposures are handled in a helper

-function, xnestBitBlitHelper().  This function collects the exposure

-events from the real X server and, if any resulting in regions being

-exposed, then those regions are passed back to the MI layer so that it

-can generate exposure events for the X application.

-</descrip>

-

-<p>The Xnest server takes its input from the X server to which it is

-connected.  When the mouse is in the Xnest server's window, keyboard and

-mouse events are received by the Xnest server, repackaged and sent back

-to any client that requests those events.

-

-<sect2>Shadow framebuffer

-

-<p>The most common type of framebuffer is a linear array memory that

-maps to the video memory on the graphics device.  However, accessing

-that video memory over an I/O bus (e.g., ISA or PCI) can be slow.  The

-shadow framebuffer layer allows the developer to keep the entire

-framebuffer in main memory and copy it back to video memory at regular

-intervals.  It also has been extended to handle planar video memory and

-rotated framebuffers.

-

-<p>There are two main entry points to the shadow framebuffer code:

-

-<descrip>

-<tag/shadowAlloc(width, height, bpp)/ This function allocates the in

-memory copy of the framebuffer of size width*height*bpp.  It returns a

-pointer to that memory, which will be used by the framebuffer

-ScreenInit() code during the screen's initialization.

-

-<tag/shadowInit(pScreen, updateProc, windowProc)/ This function

-initializes the shadow framebuffer layer.  It wraps several screen

-drawing functions, and registers a block handler that will update the

-screen.  The updateProc is a function that will copy the damaged regions

-to the screen, and the windowProc is a function that is used when the

-entire linear video memory range cannot be accessed simultaneously so

-that only a window into that memory is available (e.g., when using the

-VGA aperture).

-</descrip>

-

-<p>The shadow framebuffer code keeps track of the damaged area of each

-screen by calculating the bounding box of all drawing operations that

-have occurred since the last screen update.  Then, when the block handler

-is next called, only the damaged portion of the screen is updated.

-

-<p>Note that since the shadow framebuffer is kept in main memory, all

-drawing operations are performed by the CPU and, thus, no accelerated

-hardware drawing operations are possible.

-

-

-<sect1>Xinerama

-

-<p>Xinerama is an X extension that allows multiple physical screens

-controlled by a single X server to appear as a single screen.  Although

-the extension allows clients to find the physical screen layout via

-extension requests, it is completely transparent to clients at the core

-X11 protocol level.  The original public implementation of Xinerama came

-from Digital/Compaq.  XFree86 rewrote it, filling in some missing pieces

-and improving both X11 core protocol compliance and performance.  The

-Xinerama extension will be passing through X.Org's standardization

-process in the near future, and the sample implementation will be based

-on this rewritten version.

-

-<p>The current implementation of Xinerama is based primarily in the DIX

-(device independent) and MI (machine independent) layers of the X

-server.  With few exceptions the DDX layers do not need any changes to

-support Xinerama.  X server extensions often do need modifications to

-provide full Xinerama functionality.

-

-<p>The following is a code-level description of how Xinerama functions.

-

-<p>Note: Because the Xinerama extension was originally called the

-PanoramiX extension, many of the Xinerama functions still have the

-PanoramiX prefix.

-

-<descrip>

-    <tag/PanoramiXExtensionInit()/ PanoramiXExtensionInit() is a

-    device-independent extension function that is called at the start of

-    each server generation from InitExtensions(), which is called from

-    the X server's main() function after all output devices have been

-    initialized, but before any input devices have been initialized.

-

-    <p>PanoramiXNumScreens is set to the number of physical screens.  If

-    only one physical screen is present, the extension is disabled, and

-    PanoramiXExtensionInit() returns without doing anything else.

-

-    <p>The Xinerama extension is registered by calling AddExtension().

-    

-    <p>A local per-screen array of data structures

-    (panoramiXdataPtr&lsqb;&rsqb;)

-    is allocated for each physical screen, and GC and Screen private

-    indexes are allocated, and both GC and Screen private areas are

-    allocated for each physical screen.  These hold Xinerama-specific

-    per-GC and per-Screen data.  Each screen's CreateGC and CloseScreen

-    functions are wrapped by XineramaCreateGC() and

-    XineramaCloseScreen() respectively.  Some new resource classes are

-    created for Xinerama drawables and GCs, and resource types for

-    Xinerama windows, pixmaps and colormaps.

-

-    <p>A region (XineramaScreenRegions&lsqb;i&rsqb;) is initialized for each

-    physical screen, and single region (PanoramiXScreenRegion) is

-    initialized to be the union of the screen regions.  The

-    panoramiXdataPtr&lsqb;&rsqb; array is also initialized with the size and

-    origin of each screen.  The relative positioning information for the

-    physical screens is taken from the array

-    dixScreenOrigins&lsqb;&rsqb;, which

-    the DDX layer must initialize in InitOutput().  The bounds of the

-    combined screen is also calculated (PanoramiXPixWidth and

-    PanoramiXPixHeight).

-

-    <p>The DIX layer has a list of function pointers

-    (ProcVector&lsqb;&rsqb;) that

-    holds the entry points for the functions that process core protocol

-    requests.  The requests that Xinerama must intercept and break up

-    into physical screen-specific requests are wrapped.  The original

-    set is copied to SavedProcVector&lsqb;&rsqb;.  The types of requests

-    intercepted are Window requests, GC requests, colormap requests,

-    drawing requests, and some geometry-related requests.  This wrapping

-    allows the bulk of the protocol request processing to be handled

-    transparently to the DIX layer.  Some operations cannot be dealt with

-    in this way and are handled with Xinerama-specific code within the

-    DIX layer.

-

-    <tag/PanoramiXConsolidate()/ PanoramiXConsolidate() is a

-    device-independent extension function that is called directly from

-    the X server's main() function after extensions and input/output

-    devices have been initialized, and before the root windows are

-    defined and initialized.

-

-    <p>This function finds the set of depths (PanoramiXDepths&lsqb;&rsqb;) and

-    visuals (PanoramiXVisuals&lsqb;&rsqb;)

-    common to all of the physical screens.

-    PanoramiXNumDepths is set to the number of common depths, and

-    PanoramiXNumVisuals is set to the number of common visuals.

-    Resources are created for the single root window and the default

-    colormap.  Each of these resources has per-physical screen entries.

-

-    <tag/PanoramiXCreateConnectionBlock()/ PanoramiXConsolidate() is a

-    device-independent extension function that is called directly from

-    the X server's main() function after the per-physical screen root

-    windows are created.  It is called instead of the standard DIX

-    CreateConnectionBlock() function.  If this function returns FALSE,

-    the X server exits with a fatal error.  This function will return

-    FALSE if no common depths were found in PanoramiXConsolidate().

-    With no common depths, Xinerama mode is not possible.

-

-    <p>The connection block holds the information that clients get when

-    they open a connection to the X server.  It includes information

-    such as the supported pixmap formats, number of screens and the

-    sizes, depths, visuals, default colormap information, etc, for each

-    of the screens (much of information that <tt/xdpyinfo/ shows).  The

-    connection block is initialized with the combined single screen

-    values that were calculated in the above two functions.

-

-    <p>The Xinerama extension allows the registration of connection

-    block callback functions.  The purpose of these is to allow other

-    extensions to do processing at this point.  These callbacks can be

-    registered by calling XineramaRegisterConnectionBlockCallback() from

-    the other extension's ExtensionInit() function.  Each registered

-    connection block callback is called at the end of

-    PanoramiXCreateConnectionBlock().

-</descrip>

-

-<sect2>Xinerama-specific changes to the DIX code

-

-<p>There are a few types of Xinerama-specific changes within the DIX

-code.  The main ones are described here.

-

-<p>Functions that deal with colormap or GC -related operations outside of

-the intercepted protocol requests have a test added to only do the

-processing for screen numbers > 0.  This is because they are handled for

-the single Xinerama screen and the processing is done once for screen 0.

-

-<p>The handling of motion events does some coordinate translation between

-the physical screen's origin and screen zero's origin.  Also, motion

-events must be reported relative to the composite screen origin rather

-than the physical screen origins.

-

-<p>There is some special handling for cursor, window and event processing

-that cannot (either not at all or not conveniently) be done via the

-intercepted protocol requests.  A particular case is the handling of

-pointers moving between physical screens.

-

-<sect2>Xinerama-specific changes to the MI code

-

-<p>The only Xinerama-specific change to the MI code is in miSendExposures()

-to handle the coordinate (and window ID) translation for expose events.

-

-<sect2>Intercepted DIX core requests

-

-<p>Xinerama breaks up drawing requests for dispatch to each physical

-screen.  It also breaks up windows into pieces for each physical screen.

-GCs are translated into per-screen GCs.  Colormaps are replicated on

-each physical screen.  The functions handling the intercepted requests

-take care of breaking the requests and repackaging them so that they can

-be passed to the standard request handling functions for each screen in

-turn.  In addition, and to aid the repackaging, the information from

-many of the intercepted requests is used to keep up to date the

-necessary state information for the single composite screen.  Requests

-(usually those with replies) that can be satisfied completely from this

-stored state information do not call the standard request handling

-functions.

-

-<!-- ============================================================ -->

-

-<sect>Development Results

-

-<p>In this section the results of each phase of development are

-discussed.  This development took place between approximately June 2001

-and July 2003.

-

-<sect1>Phase I

-

-<p>The initial development phase dealt with the basic implementation

-including the bootstrap code, which used the shadow framebuffer, and the

-unoptimized implementation, based on an Xnest-style implementation.

-

-<sect2>Scope

-

-<p>The goal of Phase I is to provide fundamental functionality that can

-act as a foundation for ongoing work:

-<enum>

-    <item>Develop the proxy X server

-    <itemize>

-	<item>The proxy X server will operate on the X11 protocol and

-	relay requests as necessary to correctly perform the request.

-	<item>Work will be based on the existing work for Xinerama and

-	Xnest.

-	<item>Input events and windowing operations are handled in the

-	proxy server and rendering requests are repackaged and sent to

-	each of the back-end servers for display.

-	<item>The multiple screen layout (including support for

-	overlapping screens) will be user configurable via a

-	configuration file or through the configuration tool.

-    </itemize>

-    <item>Develop graphical configuration tool

-    <itemize>

-	<item>There will be potentially a large number of X servers to

-	configure into a single display.  The tool will allow the user

-	to specify which servers are involved in the configuration and

-	how they should be laid out.

-    </itemize>

-    <item>Pass the X Test Suite

-    <itemize>

-	<item>The X Test Suite covers the basic X11 operations.  All

-	tests known to succeed must correctly operate in the distributed

-	X environment.

-    </itemize>

-</enum>

-

-<p>For this phase, the back-end X servers are assumed to be unmodified X

-servers that do not support any DMX-related protocol extensions; future

-optimization pathways are considered, but are not implemented; and the

-configuration tool is assumed to rely only on libraries in the X source

-tree (e.g., Xt).

-

-<sect2>Results

-

-<p>The proxy X server, Xdmx, was developed to distribute X11 protocol

-requests to the set of back-end X servers.  It opens a window on each

-back-end server, which represents the part of the front-end's root

-window that is visible on that screen.  It mirrors window, pixmap and

-other state in each back-end server.  Drawing requests are sent to

-either windows or pixmaps on each back-end server.  This code is based

-on Xnest and uses the existing Xinerama extension.

-

-<p>Input events can be taken from (1) devices attached to the back-end

-server, (2) core devices attached directly to the Xdmx server, or (3)

-from a ``console'' window on another X server.  Events for these devices

-are gathered, processed and delivered to clients attached to the Xdmx

-server.

-

-<p>An intuitive configuration format was developed to help the user

-easily configure the multiple back-end X servers.  It was defined (see

-grammar in Xdmx man page) and a parser was implemented that is used by

-the Xdmx server and by a standalone xdmxconfig utility.  The parsing

-support was implemented such that it can be easily factored out of the X

-source tree for use with other tools (e.g., vdl).  Support for

-converting legacy vdl-format configuration files to the DMX format is

-provided by the vdltodmx utility.

-

-<p>Originally, the configuration file was going to be a subsection of

-XFree86's XF86Config file, but that was not possible since Xdmx is a

-completely separate X server.  Thus, a separate config file format was

-developed.  In addition, a graphical configuration

-tool, xdmxconfig, was developed to allow the user to create and arrange

-the screens in the configuration file.  The <bf/-configfile/ and <bf/-config/

-command-line options can be used to start Xdmx using a configuration

-file.

-

-<p>An extension that enables remote input testing is required for the X

-Test Suite to function.  During this phase, this extension (XTEST) was

-implemented in the Xdmx server.  The results from running the X Test

-Suite are described in detail below.

-

-<sect2>X Test Suite

-

-          <sect3> Introduction

-            <p>

-              The X Test Suite contains tests that verify Xlib functions

-              operate correctly.  The test suite is designed to run on a

-              single X server; however, since X applications will not be

-              able to tell the difference between the DMX server and a

-              standard X server, the X Test Suite should also run on the

-              DMX server.

-            <p>

-              The Xdmx server was tested with the X Test Suite, and the

-              existing failures are noted in this section.  To put these

-              results in perspective, we first discuss expected X Test

-              failures and how errors in underlying systems can impact

-              Xdmx test results.

-

-          <sect3>Expected Failures for a Single Head

-            <p>

-              A correctly implemented X server with a single screen is

-              expected to fail certain X Test tests.  The following

-              well-known errors occur because of rounding error in the X

-              server code:

-              <verb>

-XDrawArc: Tests 42, 63, 66, 73

-XDrawArcs: Tests 45, 66, 69, 76

-              </verb>

-            <p>

-              The following failures occur because of the high-level X

-              server implementation:

-              <verb>

-XLoadQueryFont: Test 1

-XListFontsWithInfo: Tests 3, 4

-XQueryFont: Tests 1, 2

-              </verb>

-            <p>

-              The following test fails when running the X server as root

-              under Linux because of the way directory modes are

-              interpreted:

-              <verb>

-XWriteBitmapFile: Test 3

-              </verb>

-            <p>

-              Depending on the video card used for the back-end, other

-              failures may also occur because of bugs in the low-level

-              driver implementation.  Over time, failures of this kind

-              are usually fixed by XFree86, but will show up in Xdmx

-              testing until then.

-

-          <sect3>Expected Failures for Xinerama

-            <p>

-              Xinerama fails several X Test Suite tests because of

-              design decisions made for the current implementation of

-              Xinerama.  Over time, many of these errors will be

-              corrected by XFree86 and the group working on a new

-              Xinerama implementation.  Therefore, Xdmx will also share

-              X Suite Test failures with Xinerama.

-            <p>

-              We may be able to fix or work-around some of these

-              failures at the Xdmx level, but this will require

-              additional exploration that was not part of Phase I.

-            <p>

-              Xinerama is constantly improving, and the list of

-              Xinerama-related failures depends on XFree86 version and

-              the underlying graphics hardware.  We tested with a

-              variety of hardware, including nVidia, S3, ATI Radeon,

-              and Matrox G400 (in dual-head mode).  The list below

-              includes only those failures that appear to be from the

-              Xinerama layer, and does not include failures listed in

-              the previous section, or failures that appear to be from

-              the low-level graphics driver itself:

-            <p>

-              These failures were noted with multiple Xinerama

-              configurations:

-              <verb>

-XCopyPlane: Tests 13, 22, 31 (well-known Xinerama implementation issue)

-XSetFontPath: Test 4

-XGetDefault: Test 5

-XMatchVisualInfo: Test 1

-              </verb>

-            <p>

-              These failures were noted only when using one dual-head

-              video card with a 4.2.99.x XFree86 server:

-              <verb>

-XListPixmapFormats: Test 1

-XDrawRectangles: Test 45

-              </verb>

-            <p>

-              These failures were noted only when using two video cards

-              from different vendors with a 4.1.99.x XFree86 server:

-              <verb>

-XChangeWindowAttributes: Test 32

-XCreateWindow: Test 30

-XDrawLine: Test 22

-XFillArc: Test 22

-XChangeKeyboardControl: Tests 9, 10

-XRebindKeysym: Test 1

-              </verb>

-

-          <sect3>Additional Failures from Xdmx

-            <p>

-              When running Xdmx, no unexpected failures were noted.

-              Since the Xdmx server is based on Xinerama, we expect to

-              have most of the Xinerama failures present in the Xdmx

-              server.  Similarly, since the Xdmx server must rely on the

-              low-level device drivers on each back-end server, we also

-              expect that Xdmx will exhibit most of the back-end

-              failures.  Here is a summary:

-              <verb>

-XListPixmapFormats: Test 1 (configuration dependent)

-XChangeWindowAttributes: Test 32

-XCreateWindow: Test 30

-XCopyPlane: Test 13, 22, 31

-XSetFontPath: Test 4

-XGetDefault: Test 5 (configuration dependent)

-XMatchVisualInfo: Test 1

-XRebindKeysym: Test 1 (configuration dependent)

-              </verb>

-            <p>

-              Note that this list is shorter than the combined list for

-              Xinerama because Xdmx uses different code paths to perform

-              some Xinerama operations.  Further, some Xinerama failures

-              have been fixed in the XFree86 4.2.99.x CVS repository.

-            

-          <sect3>Summary and Future Work

-            <p>

-              Running the X Test Suite on Xdmx does not produce any

-              failures that cannot be accounted for by the underlying

-              Xinerama subsystem used by the front-end or by the

-              low-level device-driver code running on the back-end X

-              servers.  The Xdmx server therefore is as ``correct'' as

-              possible with respect to the standard set of X Test Suite

-              tests.

-            <p>

-              During the following phases, we will continue to verify

-              Xdmx correctness using the X Test Suite.  We may also use

-              other tests suites or write additional tests that run

-              under the X Test Suite that specifically verify the

-              expected behavior of DMX.

-

-<sect2>Fonts

-

-<p>In Phase I, fonts are handled directly by both the front-end and the

-back-end servers, which is required since we must treat each back-end

-server during this phase as a ``black box''.  What this requires is that

-<bf/the front- and back-end servers must share the exact same font

-path/.  There are two ways to help make sure that all servers share the

-same font path:

-

-<enum>

-    <item>First, each server can be configured to use the same font

-    server.  The font server, xfs, can be configured to serve fonts to

-    multiple X servers via TCP.

-

-    <item>Second, each server can be configured to use the same font

-    path and either those font paths can be copied to each back-end

-    machine or they can be mounted (e.g., via NFS) on each back-end

-    machine.

-</enum>

-

-<p>One additional concern is that a client program can set its own font

-path, and if it does so, then that font path must be available on each

-back-end machine.

-

-<p>The -fontpath command line option was added to allow users to

-initialize the font path of the front end server.  This font path is

-propagated to each back-end server when the default font is loaded.  If

-there are any problems, an error message is printed, which will describe

-the problem and list the current font path.  For more information about

-setting the font path, see the -fontpath option description in the man

-page.

-

-<sect2>Performance

-

-<p>Phase I of development was not intended to optimize performance.  Its

-focus was on completely and correctly handling the base X11 protocol in

-the Xdmx server.  However, several insights were gained during Phase I,

-which are listed here for reference during the next phase of

-development.

-

-<enum>

-    <item>Calls to XSync() can slow down rendering since it requires a

-    complete round trip to and from a back-end server.  This is

-    especially problematic when communicating over long haul networks.

-    <item>Sending drawing requests to only the screens that they overlap

-    should improve performance.

-</enum>

-

-<sect2>Pixmaps

-

-<p>Pixmaps were originally expected to be handled entirely in the

-front-end X server; however, it was found that this overly complicated

-the rendering code and would have required sending potentially large

-images to each back server that required them when copying from pixmap

-to screen.  Thus, pixmap state is mirrored in the back-end server just

-as it is with regular window state.  With this implementation, the same

-rendering code that draws to windows can be used to draw to pixmaps on

-the back-end server, and no large image transfers are required to copy

-from pixmap to window.

-

-<!-- ============================================================ -->

-<sect1>Phase II

-

-<p>The second phase of development concentrates on performance

-optimizations.  These optimizations are documented here, with

-<tt/x11perf/ data to show how the optimizations improve performance.

-

-<p>All benchmarks were performed by running Xdmx on a dual processor

-1.4GHz AMD Athlon machine with 1GB of RAM connecting over 100baseT to

-two single-processor 1GHz Pentium III machines with 256MB of RAM and ATI

-Rage 128 (RF) video cards.  The front end was running Linux

-2.4.20-pre1-ac1 and the back ends were running Linux 2.4.7-10 and

-version 4.2.99.1 of XFree86 pulled from the XFree86 CVS repository on

-August 7, 2002.  All systems were running Red Hat Linux 7.2.

-

-<sect2>Moving from XFree86 4.1.99.1 to 4.2.0.0

-

-<p>For phase II, the working source tree was moved to the branch tagged

-with dmx-1-0-branch and was updated from version 4.1.99.1 (20 August

-2001) of the XFree86 sources to version 4.2.0.0 (18 January 2002).

-After this update, the following tests were noted to be more than 10%

-faster:

-            <verb>

-1.13   Fill 300x300 opaque stippled trapezoid (161x145 stipple) 

-1.16   Fill 1x1 tiled trapezoid (161x145 tile) 

-1.13   Fill 10x10 tiled trapezoid (161x145 tile) 

-1.17   Fill 100x100 tiled trapezoid (161x145 tile) 

-1.16   Fill 1x1 tiled trapezoid (216x208 tile) 

-1.20   Fill 10x10 tiled trapezoid (216x208 tile) 

-1.15   Fill 100x100 tiled trapezoid (216x208 tile) 

-1.37   Circulate Unmapped window (200 kids) 

-            </verb>

-And the following tests were noted to be more than 10% slower:

-            <verb>

-0.88   Unmap window via parent (25 kids) 

-0.75   Circulate Unmapped window (4 kids) 

-0.79   Circulate Unmapped window (16 kids) 

-0.80   Circulate Unmapped window (25 kids) 

-0.82   Circulate Unmapped window (50 kids) 

-0.85   Circulate Unmapped window (75 kids) 

-            </verb>

-<p>These changes were not caused by any changes in the DMX system, and

-may point to changes in the XFree86 tree or to tests that have more

-"jitter" than most other <tt/x11perf/ tests.

-

-<sect2>Global changes

-

-<p>During the development of the Phase II DMX server, several global

-changes were made.  These changes were also compared with the Phase I

-server.  The following tests were noted to be more than 10% faster:

-            <verb>

-1.13   Fill 300x300 opaque stippled trapezoid (161x145 stipple) 

-1.15   Fill 1x1 tiled trapezoid (161x145 tile) 

-1.13   Fill 10x10 tiled trapezoid (161x145 tile) 

-1.17   Fill 100x100 tiled trapezoid (161x145 tile) 

-1.16   Fill 1x1 tiled trapezoid (216x208 tile) 

-1.19   Fill 10x10 tiled trapezoid (216x208 tile) 

-1.15   Fill 100x100 tiled trapezoid (216x208 tile) 

-1.15   Circulate Unmapped window (4 kids) 

-            </verb>

-

-<p>The following tests were noted to be more than 10% slower:

-            <verb>

-0.69   Scroll 10x10 pixels 

-0.68   Scroll 100x100 pixels 

-0.68   Copy 10x10 from window to window 

-0.68   Copy 100x100 from window to window 

-0.76   Circulate Unmapped window (75 kids) 

-0.83   Circulate Unmapped window (100 kids) 

-            </verb>

-

-<p>For the remainder of this analysis, the baseline of comparison will

-be the Phase II deliverable with all optimizations disabled (unless

-otherwise noted).  This will highlight how the optimizations in

-isolation impact performance.

-

-<sect2>XSync() Batching

-

-<p>During the Phase I implementation, XSync() was called after every

-protocol request made by the DMX server.  This provided the DMX server

-with an interactive feel, but defeated X11's protocol buffering system

-and introduced round-trip wire latency into every operation.  During

-Phase II, DMX was changed so that protocol requests are no longer

-followed by calls to XSync().  Instead, the need for an XSync() is

-noted, and XSync() calls are only made every 100mS or when the DMX

-server specifically needs to make a call to guarantee interactivity.

-With this new system, X11 buffers protocol as much as possible during a

-100mS interval, and many unnecessary XSync() calls are avoided.

-

-<p>Out of more than 300 <tt/x11perf/ tests, 8 tests became more than 100

-times faster, with 68 more than 50X faster, 114 more than 10X faster,

-and 181 more than 2X faster.  See table below for summary.

-

-<p>The following tests were noted to be more than 10% slower with

-XSync() batching on:

-            <verb>

-0.88   500x500 tiled rectangle (161x145 tile) 

-0.89   Copy 500x500 from window to window 

-            </verb>

-

-<sect2>Offscreen Optimization

-

-<p>Windows span one or more of the back-end servers' screens; however,

-during Phase I development, windows were created on every back-end

-server and every rendering request was sent to every window regardless

-of whether or not that window was visible.  With the offscreen

-optimization, the DMX server tracks when a window is completely off of a

-back-end server's screen and, in that case, it does not send rendering

-requests to those back-end windows.  This optimization saves bandwidth

-between the front and back-end servers, and it reduces the number of

-XSync() calls.  The performance tests were run on a DMX system with only

-two back-end servers.  Greater performance gains will be had as the

-number of back-end servers increases.

-

-<p>Out of more than 300 <tt/x11perf/ tests, 3 tests were at least twice as

-fast, and 146 tests were at least 10% faster.  Two tests were more than

-10% slower with the offscreen optimization:

-            <verb>

-0.88   Hide/expose window via popup (4 kids) 

-0.89   Resize unmapped window (75 kids) 

-            </verb>

-

-<sect2>Lazy Window Creation Optimization

-

-<p>As mentioned above, during Phase I, windows were created on every

-back-end server even if they were not visible on that back-end.  With

-the lazy window creation optimization, the DMX server does not create

-windows on a back-end server until they are either visible or they

-become the parents of a visible window.  This optimization builds on the

-offscreen optimization (described above) and requires it to be enabled.

-

-<p>The lazy window creation optimization works by creating the window

-data structures in the front-end server when a client creates a window,

-but delays creation of the window on the back-end server(s).  A private

-window structure in the DMX server saves the relevant window data and

-tracks changes to the window's attributes and stacking order for later

-use.  The only times a window is created on a back-end server are (1)

-when it is mapped and is at least partially overlapping the back-end

-server's screen (tracked by the offscreen optimization), or (2) when the

-window becomes the parent of a previously visible window.  The first

-case occurs when a window is mapped or when a visible window is copied,

-moved or resized and now overlaps the back-end server's screen.  The

-second case occurs when starting a window manager after having created

-windows to which the window manager needs to add decorations.

-

-<p>When either case occurs, a window on the back-end server is created

-using the data saved in the DMX server's window private data structure.

-The stacking order is then adjusted to correctly place the window on the

-back-end and lastly the window is mapped.  From this time forward, the

-window is handled exactly as if the window had been created at the time

-of the client's request.

-

-<p>Note that when a window is no longer visible on a back-end server's

-screen (e.g., it is moved offscreen), the window is not destroyed;

-rather, it is kept and reused later if the window once again becomes

-visible on the back-end server's screen.  Originally with this

-optimization, destroying windows was implemented but was later rejected

-because it increased bandwidth when windows were opaquely moved or

-resized, which is common in many window managers.

-

-<p>The performance tests were run on a DMX system with only two back-end

-servers.  Greater performance gains will be had as the number of

-back-end servers increases.

-

-<p>This optimization improved the following <tt/x11perf/ tests by more

-than 10%:

-            <verb>

-1.10   500x500 rectangle outline 

-1.12   Fill 100x100 stippled trapezoid (161x145 stipple) 

-1.20   Circulate Unmapped window (50 kids) 

-1.19   Circulate Unmapped window (75 kids) 

-            </verb>

-            

-<sect2>Subdividing Rendering Primitives

-

-<p>X11 imaging requests transfer significant data between the client and

-the X server.  During Phase I, the DMX server would then transfer the

-image data to each back-end server.  Even with the offscreen

-optimization (above), these requests still required transferring

-significant data to each back-end server that contained a visible

-portion of the window.  For example, if the client uses XPutImage() to

-copy an image to a window that overlaps the entire DMX screen, then the

-entire image is copied by the DMX server to every back-end server.

-

-<p>To reduce the amount of data transferred between the DMX server and

-the back-end servers when XPutImage() is called, the image data is

-subdivided and only the data that will be visible on a back-end server's

-screen is sent to that back-end server.  Xinerama already implements a

-subdivision algorithm for XGetImage() and no further optimization was

-needed.

-

-<p>Other rendering primitives were analyzed, but the time required to

-subdivide these primitives was a significant proportion of the time

-required to send the entire rendering request to the back-end server, so

-this optimization was rejected for the other rendering primitives.

-

-<p>Again, the performance tests were run on a DMX system with only two

-back-end servers.  Greater performance gains will be had as the number

-of back-end servers increases.

-

-<p>This optimization improved the following <tt/x11perf/ tests by more

-than 10%:

-            <verb>

-1.12   Fill 100x100 stippled trapezoid (161x145 stipple) 

-1.26   PutImage 10x10 square 

-1.83   PutImage 100x100 square 

-1.91   PutImage 500x500 square 

-1.40   PutImage XY 10x10 square 

-1.48   PutImage XY 100x100 square 

-1.50   PutImage XY 500x500 square 

-1.45   Circulate Unmapped window (75 kids) 

-1.74   Circulate Unmapped window (100 kids) 

-            </verb>

-

-<p>The following test was noted to be more than 10% slower with this

-optimization:

-            <verb>

-0.88   10-pixel fill chord partial circle 

-            </verb>

-

-<sect2>Summary of x11perf Data

-

-<p>With all of the optimizations on, 53 <tt/x11perf/ tests are more than

-100X faster than the unoptimized Phase II deliverable, with 69 more than

-50X faster, 73 more than 10X faster, and 199 more than twice as fast.

-No tests were more than 10% slower than the unoptimized Phase II

-deliverable.  (Compared with the Phase I deliverable, only Circulate

-Unmapped window (100 kids) was more than 10% slower than the Phase II

-deliverable.  As noted above, this test seems to have wider variability

-than other <tt/x11perf/ tests.)

-

-<p>The following table summarizes relative <tt/x11perf/ test changes for

-all optimizations individually and collectively.  Note that some of the

-optimizations have a synergistic effect when used together.

-            <verb>

-

-1: XSync() batching only

-2: Off screen optimizations only

-3: Window optimizations only

-4: Subdivprims only

-5: All optimizations

-

-    1     2    3    4      5 Operation

------- ---- ---- ---- ------ ---------

-  2.14 1.85 1.00 1.00   4.13 Dot 

-  1.67 1.80 1.00 1.00   3.31 1x1 rectangle 

-  2.38 1.43 1.00 1.00   2.44 10x10 rectangle 

-  1.00 1.00 0.92 0.98   1.00 100x100 rectangle 

-  1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00   1.00 500x500 rectangle 

-  1.83 1.85 1.05 1.06   3.54 1x1 stippled rectangle (8x8 stipple) 

-  2.43 1.43 1.00 1.00   2.41 10x10 stippled rectangle (8x8 stipple) 

-  0.98 1.00 1.00 1.00   1.00 100x100 stippled rectangle (8x8 stipple) 

-  1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00   0.98 500x500 stippled rectangle (8x8 stipple) 

-  1.75 1.75 1.00 1.00   3.40 1x1 opaque stippled rectangle (8x8 stipple) 

-  2.38 1.42 1.00 1.00   2.34 10x10 opaque stippled rectangle (8x8 stipple) 

-  1.00 1.00 0.97 0.97   1.00 100x100 opaque stippled rectangle (8x8 stipple) 

-  1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00   0.99 500x500 opaque stippled rectangle (8x8 stipple) 

-  1.82 1.82 1.04 1.04   3.56 1x1 tiled rectangle (4x4 tile) 

-  2.33 1.42 1.00 1.00   2.37 10x10 tiled rectangle (4x4 tile) 

-  1.00 0.92 1.00 1.00   1.00 100x100 tiled rectangle (4x4 tile) 

-  1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00   1.00 500x500 tiled rectangle (4x4 tile) 

-  1.94 1.62 1.00 1.00   3.66 1x1 stippled rectangle (17x15 stipple) 

-  1.74 1.28 1.00 1.00   1.73 10x10 stippled rectangle (17x15 stipple) 

-  1.00 1.00 1.00 0.89   0.98 100x100 stippled rectangle (17x15 stipple) 

-  1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00   0.98 500x500 stippled rectangle (17x15 stipple) 

-  1.94 1.62 1.00 1.00   3.67 1x1 opaque stippled rectangle (17x15 stipple) 

-  1.69 1.26 1.00 1.00   1.66 10x10 opaque stippled rectangle (17x15 stipple) 

-  1.00 0.95 1.00 1.00   1.00 100x100 opaque stippled rectangle (17x15 stipple) 

-  1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00   0.97 500x500 opaque stippled rectangle (17x15 stipple) 

-  1.93 1.61 0.99 0.99   3.69 1x1 tiled rectangle (17x15 tile) 

-  1.73 1.27 1.00 1.00   1.72 10x10 tiled rectangle (17x15 tile) 

-  1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00   0.98 100x100 tiled rectangle (17x15 tile) 

-  1.00 1.00 0.97 0.97   1.00 500x500 tiled rectangle (17x15 tile) 

-  1.95 1.63 1.00 1.00   3.83 1x1 stippled rectangle (161x145 stipple) 

-  1.80 1.30 1.00 1.00   1.83 10x10 stippled rectangle (161x145 stipple) 

-  0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00   1.01 100x100 stippled rectangle (161x145 stipple) 

-  1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00   0.98 500x500 stippled rectangle (161x145 stipple) 

-  1.95 1.63 1.00 1.00   3.56 1x1 opaque stippled rectangle (161x145 stipple) 

-  1.65 1.25 1.00 1.00   1.68 10x10 opaque stippled rectangle (161x145 stipple) 

-  1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00   1.01 100x100 opaque stippled rectangle (161x145...

-  1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00   0.97 500x500 opaque stippled rectangle (161x145...

-  1.95 1.63 0.98 0.99   3.80 1x1 tiled rectangle (161x145 tile) 

-  1.67 1.26 1.00 1.00   1.67 10x10 tiled rectangle (161x145 tile) 

-  1.13 1.14 1.14 1.14   1.14 100x100 tiled rectangle (161x145 tile) 

-  0.88 1.00 1.00 1.00   0.99 500x500 tiled rectangle (161x145 tile) 

-  1.93 1.63 1.00 1.00   3.53 1x1 tiled rectangle (216x208 tile) 

-  1.69 1.26 1.00 1.00   1.66 10x10 tiled rectangle (216x208 tile) 

-  1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00   1.00 100x100 tiled rectangle (216x208 tile) 

-  1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00   1.00 500x500 tiled rectangle (216x208 tile) 

-  1.82 1.70 1.00 1.00   3.38 1-pixel line segment 

-  2.07 1.56 0.90 1.00   3.31 10-pixel line segment 

-  1.29 1.10 1.00 1.00   1.27 100-pixel line segment 

-  1.05 1.06 1.03 1.03   1.09 500-pixel line segment 

-  1.30 1.13 1.00 1.00   1.29 100-pixel line segment (1 kid) 

-  1.32 1.15 1.00 1.00   1.32 100-pixel line segment (2 kids) 

-  1.33 1.16 1.00 1.00   1.33 100-pixel line segment (3 kids) 

-  1.92 1.64 1.00 1.00   3.73 10-pixel dashed segment 

-  1.34 1.16 1.00 1.00   1.34 100-pixel dashed segment 

-  1.24 1.11 0.99 0.97   1.23 100-pixel double-dashed segment 

-  1.72 1.77 1.00 1.00   3.25 10-pixel horizontal line segment 

-  1.83 1.66 1.01 1.00   3.54 100-pixel horizontal line segment 

-  1.86 1.30 1.00 1.00   1.84 500-pixel horizontal line segment 

-  2.11 1.52 1.00 0.99   3.02 10-pixel vertical line segment 

-  1.21 1.10 1.00 1.00   1.20 100-pixel vertical line segment 

-  1.03 1.03 1.00 1.00   1.02 500-pixel vertical line segment 

-  4.42 1.68 1.00 1.01   4.64 10x1 wide horizontal line segment 

-  1.83 1.31 1.00 1.00   1.83 100x10 wide horizontal line segment 

-  1.07 1.00 0.96 1.00   1.07 500x50 wide horizontal line segment 

-  4.10 1.67 1.00 1.00   4.62 10x1 wide vertical line segment 

-  1.50 1.24 1.06 1.06   1.48 100x10 wide vertical line segment 

-  1.06 1.03 1.00 1.00   1.05 500x50 wide vertical line segment 

-  2.54 1.61 1.00 1.00   3.61 1-pixel line 

-  2.71 1.48 1.00 1.00   2.67 10-pixel line 

-  1.19 1.09 1.00 1.00   1.19 100-pixel line 

-  1.04 1.02 1.00 1.00   1.03 500-pixel line 

-  2.68 1.51 0.98 1.00   3.17 10-pixel dashed line 

-  1.23 1.11 0.99 0.99   1.23 100-pixel dashed line 

-  1.15 1.08 1.00 1.00   1.15 100-pixel double-dashed line 

-  2.27 1.39 1.00 1.00   2.23 10x1 wide line 

-  1.20 1.09 1.00 1.00   1.20 100x10 wide line 

-  1.04 1.02 1.00 1.00   1.04 500x50 wide line 

-  1.52 1.45 1.00 1.00   1.52 100x10 wide dashed line 

-  1.54 1.47 1.00 1.00   1.54 100x10 wide double-dashed line 

-  1.97 1.30 0.96 0.95   1.95 10x10 rectangle outline 

-  1.44 1.27 1.00 1.00   1.43 100x100 rectangle outline 

-  3.22 2.16 1.10 1.09   3.61 500x500 rectangle outline 

-  1.95 1.34 1.00 1.00   1.90 10x10 wide rectangle outline 

-  1.14 1.14 1.00 1.00   1.13 100x100 wide rectangle outline 

-  1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00   1.00 500x500 wide rectangle outline 

-  1.57 1.72 1.00 1.00   3.03 1-pixel circle 

-  1.96 1.35 1.00 1.00   1.92 10-pixel circle 

-  1.21 1.07 0.86 0.97   1.20 100-pixel circle 

-  1.08 1.04 1.00 1.00   1.08 500-pixel circle 

-  1.39 1.19 1.03 1.03   1.38 100-pixel dashed circle 

-  1.21 1.11 1.00 1.00   1.23 100-pixel double-dashed circle 

-  1.59 1.28 1.00 1.00   1.58 10-pixel wide circle 

-  1.22 1.12 0.99 1.00   1.22 100-pixel wide circle 

-  1.06 1.04 1.00 1.00   1.05 500-pixel wide circle 

-  1.87 1.84 1.00 1.00   1.85 100-pixel wide dashed circle 

-  1.90 1.93 1.01 1.01   1.90 100-pixel wide double-dashed circle 

-  2.13 1.43 1.00 1.00   2.32 10-pixel partial circle 

-  1.42 1.18 1.00 1.00   1.42 100-pixel partial circle 

-  1.92 1.85 1.01 1.01   1.89 10-pixel wide partial circle 

-  1.73 1.67 1.00 1.00   1.73 100-pixel wide partial circle 

-  1.36 1.95 1.00 1.00   2.64 1-pixel solid circle 

-  2.02 1.37 1.00 1.00   2.03 10-pixel solid circle 

-  1.19 1.09 1.00 1.00   1.19 100-pixel solid circle 

-  1.02 0.99 1.00 1.00   1.01 500-pixel solid circle 

-  1.74 1.28 1.00 0.88   1.73 10-pixel fill chord partial circle 

-  1.31 1.13 1.00 1.00   1.31 100-pixel fill chord partial circle 

-  1.67 1.31 1.03 1.03   1.72 10-pixel fill slice partial circle 

-  1.30 1.13 1.00 1.00   1.28 100-pixel fill slice partial circle 

-  2.45 1.49 1.01 1.00   2.71 10-pixel ellipse 

-  1.22 1.10 1.00 1.00   1.22 100-pixel ellipse 

-  1.09 1.04 1.00 1.00   1.09 500-pixel ellipse 

-  1.90 1.28 1.00 1.00   1.89 100-pixel dashed ellipse 

-  1.62 1.24 0.96 0.97   1.61 100-pixel double-dashed ellipse 

-  2.43 1.50 1.00 1.00   2.42 10-pixel wide ellipse 

-  1.61 1.28 1.03 1.03   1.60 100-pixel wide ellipse 

-  1.08 1.05 1.00 1.00   1.08 500-pixel wide ellipse 

-  1.93 1.88 1.00 1.00   1.88 100-pixel wide dashed ellipse 

-  1.94 1.89 1.01 1.00   1.94 100-pixel wide double-dashed ellipse 

-  2.31 1.48 1.00 1.00   2.67 10-pixel partial ellipse 

-  1.38 1.17 1.00 1.00   1.38 100-pixel partial ellipse 

-  2.00 1.85 0.98 0.97   1.98 10-pixel wide partial ellipse 

-  1.89 1.86 1.00 1.00   1.89 100-pixel wide partial ellipse 

-  3.49 1.60 1.00 1.00   3.65 10-pixel filled ellipse 

-  1.67 1.26 1.00 1.00   1.67 100-pixel filled ellipse 

-  1.06 1.04 1.00 1.00   1.06 500-pixel filled ellipse 

-  2.38 1.43 1.01 1.00   2.32 10-pixel fill chord partial ellipse 

-  2.06 1.30 1.00 1.00   2.05 100-pixel fill chord partial ellipse 

-  2.27 1.41 1.00 1.00   2.27 10-pixel fill slice partial ellipse 

-  1.98 1.33 1.00 0.97   1.97 100-pixel fill slice partial ellipse 

- 57.46 1.99 1.01 1.00 114.92 Fill 1x1 equivalent triangle 

- 56.94 1.98 1.01 1.00  73.89 Fill 10x10 equivalent triangle 

-  6.07 1.75 1.00 1.00   6.07 Fill 100x100 equivalent triangle 

- 51.12 1.98 1.00 1.00 102.81 Fill 1x1 trapezoid 

- 51.42 1.82 1.01 1.00  94.89 Fill 10x10 trapezoid 

-  6.47 1.80 1.00 1.00   6.44 Fill 100x100 trapezoid 

-  1.56 1.28 1.00 0.99   1.56 Fill 300x300 trapezoid 

- 51.27 1.97 0.96 0.97 102.54 Fill 1x1 stippled trapezoid (8x8 stipple) 

- 51.73 2.00 1.02 1.02  67.92 Fill 10x10 stippled trapezoid (8x8 stipple) 

-  5.36 1.72 1.00 1.00   5.36 Fill 100x100 stippled trapezoid (8x8 stipple) 

-  1.54 1.26 1.00 1.00   1.59 Fill 300x300 stippled trapezoid (8x8 stipple) 

- 51.41 1.94 1.01 1.00 102.82 Fill 1x1 opaque stippled trapezoid (8x8 stipple) 

- 50.71 1.95 0.99 1.00  65.44 Fill 10x10 opaque stippled trapezoid (8x8...

-  5.33 1.73 1.00 1.00   5.36 Fill 100x100 opaque stippled trapezoid (8x8...

-  1.58 1.25 1.00 1.00   1.58 Fill 300x300 opaque stippled trapezoid (8x8...

- 51.56 1.96 0.99 0.90 103.68 Fill 1x1 tiled trapezoid (4x4 tile) 

- 51.59 1.99 1.01 1.01  62.25 Fill 10x10 tiled trapezoid (4x4 tile) 

-  5.38 1.72 1.00 1.00   5.38 Fill 100x100 tiled trapezoid (4x4 tile) 

-  1.54 1.25 1.00 0.99   1.58 Fill 300x300 tiled trapezoid (4x4 tile) 

- 51.70 1.98 1.01 1.01 103.98 Fill 1x1 stippled trapezoid (17x15 stipple) 

- 44.86 1.97 1.00 1.00  44.86 Fill 10x10 stippled trapezoid (17x15 stipple) 

-  2.74 1.56 1.00 1.00   2.73 Fill 100x100 stippled trapezoid (17x15 stipple) 

-  1.29 1.14 1.00 1.00   1.27 Fill 300x300 stippled trapezoid (17x15 stipple) 

- 51.41 1.96 0.96 0.95 103.39 Fill 1x1 opaque stippled trapezoid (17x15...

- 45.14 1.96 1.01 1.00  45.14 Fill 10x10 opaque stippled trapezoid (17x15...

-  2.68 1.56 1.00 1.00   2.68 Fill 100x100 opaque stippled trapezoid (17x15...

-  1.26 1.10 1.00 1.00   1.28 Fill 300x300 opaque stippled trapezoid (17x15...

- 51.13 1.97 1.00 0.99 103.39 Fill 1x1 tiled trapezoid (17x15 tile) 

- 47.58 1.96 1.00 1.00  47.86 Fill 10x10 tiled trapezoid (17x15 tile) 

-  2.74 1.56 1.00 1.00   2.74 Fill 100x100 tiled trapezoid (17x15 tile) 

-  1.29 1.14 1.00 1.00   1.28 Fill 300x300 tiled trapezoid (17x15 tile) 

- 51.13 1.97 0.99 0.97 103.39 Fill 1x1 stippled trapezoid (161x145 stipple) 

- 45.14 1.97 1.00 1.00  44.29 Fill 10x10 stippled trapezoid (161x145 stipple) 

-  3.02 1.77 1.12 1.12   3.38 Fill 100x100 stippled trapezoid (161x145 stipple) 

-  1.31 1.13 1.00 1.00   1.30 Fill 300x300 stippled trapezoid (161x145 stipple) 

- 51.27 1.97 1.00 1.00 103.10 Fill 1x1 opaque stippled trapezoid (161x145...

- 45.01 1.97 1.00 1.00  45.01 Fill 10x10 opaque stippled trapezoid (161x145...

-  2.67 1.56 1.00 1.00   2.69 Fill 100x100 opaque stippled trapezoid (161x145..

-  1.29 1.13 1.00 1.01   1.27 Fill 300x300 opaque stippled trapezoid (161x145..

- 51.41 1.96 1.00 0.99 103.39 Fill 1x1 tiled trapezoid (161x145 tile) 

- 45.01 1.96 0.98 1.00  45.01 Fill 10x10 tiled trapezoid (161x145 tile) 

-  2.62 1.36 1.00 1.00   2.69 Fill 100x100 tiled trapezoid (161x145 tile) 

-  1.27 1.13 1.00 1.00   1.22 Fill 300x300 tiled trapezoid (161x145 tile) 

- 51.13 1.98 1.00 1.00 103.39 Fill 1x1 tiled trapezoid (216x208 tile) 

- 45.14 1.97 1.01 0.99  45.14 Fill 10x10 tiled trapezoid (216x208 tile) 

-  2.62 1.55 1.00 1.00   2.71 Fill 100x100 tiled trapezoid (216x208 tile) 

-  1.28 1.13 1.00 1.00   1.20 Fill 300x300 tiled trapezoid (216x208 tile) 

- 50.71 1.95 1.00 1.00  54.70 Fill 10x10 equivalent complex polygon 

-  5.51 1.71 0.96 0.98   5.47 Fill 100x100 equivalent complex polygons 

-  8.39 1.97 1.00 1.00  16.75 Fill 10x10 64-gon (Convex) 

-  8.38 1.83 1.00 1.00   8.43 Fill 100x100 64-gon (Convex) 

-  8.50 1.96 1.00 1.00  16.64 Fill 10x10 64-gon (Complex) 

-  8.26 1.83 1.00 1.00   8.35 Fill 100x100 64-gon (Complex) 

- 14.09 1.87 1.00 1.00  14.05 Char in 80-char line (6x13) 

- 11.91 1.87 1.00 1.00  11.95 Char in 70-char line (8x13) 

- 11.16 1.85 1.01 1.00  11.10 Char in 60-char line (9x15) 

- 10.09 1.78 1.00 1.00  10.09 Char16 in 40-char line (k14) 

-  6.15 1.75 1.00 1.00   6.31 Char16 in 23-char line (k24) 

- 11.92 1.90 1.03 1.03  11.88 Char in 80-char line (TR 10) 

-  8.18 1.78 1.00 0.99   8.17 Char in 30-char line (TR 24) 

- 42.83 1.44 1.01 1.00  42.11 Char in 20/40/20 line (6x13, TR 10) 

- 27.45 1.43 1.01 1.01  27.45 Char16 in 7/14/7 line (k14, k24) 

- 12.13 1.85 1.00 1.00  12.05 Char in 80-char image line (6x13) 

- 10.00 1.84 1.00 1.00  10.00 Char in 70-char image line (8x13) 

-  9.18 1.83 1.00 1.00   9.12 Char in 60-char image line (9x15) 

-  9.66 1.82 0.98 0.95   9.66 Char16 in 40-char image line (k14) 

-  5.82 1.72 1.00 1.00   5.99 Char16 in 23-char image line (k24) 

-  8.70 1.80 1.00 1.00   8.65 Char in 80-char image line (TR 10) 

-  4.67 1.66 1.00 1.00   4.67 Char in 30-char image line (TR 24) 

- 84.43 1.47 1.00 1.00 124.18 Scroll 10x10 pixels 

-  3.73 1.50 1.00 0.98   3.73 Scroll 100x100 pixels 

-  1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00   1.00 Scroll 500x500 pixels 

- 84.43 1.51 1.00 1.00 134.02 Copy 10x10 from window to window 

-  3.62 1.51 0.98 0.98   3.62 Copy 100x100 from window to window 

-  0.89 1.00 1.00 1.00   1.00 Copy 500x500 from window to window 

- 57.06 1.99 1.00 1.00  88.64 Copy 10x10 from pixmap to window 

-  2.49 2.00 1.00 1.00   2.48 Copy 100x100 from pixmap to window 

-  1.00 0.91 1.00 1.00   0.98 Copy 500x500 from pixmap to window 

-  2.04 1.01 1.00 1.00   2.03 Copy 10x10 from window to pixmap 

-  1.05 1.00 1.00 1.00   1.05 Copy 100x100 from window to pixmap 

-  1.00 1.00 0.93 1.00   1.04 Copy 500x500 from window to pixmap 

- 58.52 1.03 1.03 1.02  57.95 Copy 10x10 from pixmap to pixmap 

-  2.40 1.00 1.00 1.00   2.45 Copy 100x100 from pixmap to pixmap 

-  1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00   1.00 Copy 500x500 from pixmap to pixmap 

- 51.57 1.92 1.00 1.00  85.75 Copy 10x10 1-bit deep plane 

-  6.37 1.75 1.01 1.01   6.37 Copy 100x100 1-bit deep plane 

-  1.26 1.11 1.00 1.00   1.24 Copy 500x500 1-bit deep plane 

-  4.23 1.63 0.98 0.97   4.38 Copy 10x10 n-bit deep plane 

-  1.04 1.02 1.00 1.00   1.04 Copy 100x100 n-bit deep plane 

-  1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00   1.00 Copy 500x500 n-bit deep plane 

-  6.45 1.98 1.00 1.26  12.80 PutImage 10x10 square 

-  1.10 1.87 1.00 1.83   2.11 PutImage 100x100 square 

-  1.02 1.93 1.00 1.91   1.91 PutImage 500x500 square 

-  4.17 1.78 1.00 1.40   7.18 PutImage XY 10x10 square 

-  1.27 1.49 0.97 1.48   2.10 PutImage XY 100x100 square 

-  1.00 1.50 1.00 1.50   1.52 PutImage XY 500x500 square 

-  1.07 1.01 1.00 1.00   1.06 GetImage 10x10 square 

-  1.01 1.00 1.00 1.00   1.01 GetImage 100x100 square 

-  1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00   1.00 GetImage 500x500 square 

-  1.56 1.00 0.99 0.97   1.56 GetImage XY 10x10 square 

-  1.02 1.00 1.00 1.00   1.02 GetImage XY 100x100 square 

-  1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00   1.00 GetImage XY 500x500 square 

-  1.00 1.00 1.01 0.98   0.95 X protocol NoOperation 

-  1.02 1.03 1.04 1.03   1.00 QueryPointer 

-  1.03 1.02 1.04 1.03   1.00 GetProperty 

-100.41 1.51 1.00 1.00 198.76 Change graphics context 

- 45.81 1.00 0.99 0.97  57.10 Create and map subwindows (4 kids) 

- 78.45 1.01 1.02 1.02  63.07 Create and map subwindows (16 kids) 

- 73.91 1.01 1.00 1.00  56.37 Create and map subwindows (25 kids) 

- 73.22 1.00 1.00 1.00  49.07 Create and map subwindows (50 kids) 

- 72.36 1.01 0.99 1.00  32.14 Create and map subwindows (75 kids) 

- 70.34 1.00 1.00 1.00  30.12 Create and map subwindows (100 kids) 

- 55.00 1.00 1.00 0.99  23.75 Create and map subwindows (200 kids) 

- 55.30 1.01 1.00 1.00 141.03 Create unmapped window (4 kids) 

- 55.38 1.01 1.01 1.00 163.25 Create unmapped window (16 kids) 

- 54.75 0.96 1.00 0.99 166.95 Create unmapped window (25 kids) 

- 54.83 1.00 1.00 0.99 178.81 Create unmapped window (50 kids) 

- 55.38 1.01 1.01 1.00 181.20 Create unmapped window (75 kids) 

- 55.38 1.01 1.01 1.00 181.20 Create unmapped window (100 kids) 

- 54.87 1.01 1.01 1.00 182.05 Create unmapped window (200 kids) 

- 28.13 1.00 1.00 1.00  30.75 Map window via parent (4 kids) 

- 36.14 1.01 1.01 1.01  32.58 Map window via parent (16 kids) 

- 26.13 1.00 0.98 0.95  29.85 Map window via parent (25 kids) 

- 40.07 1.00 1.01 1.00  27.57 Map window via parent (50 kids) 

- 23.26 0.99 1.00 1.00  18.23 Map window via parent (75 kids) 

- 22.91 0.99 1.00 0.99  16.52 Map window via parent (100 kids) 

- 27.79 1.00 1.00 0.99  12.50 Map window via parent (200 kids) 

- 22.35 1.00 1.00 1.00  56.19 Unmap window via parent (4 kids) 

-  9.57 1.00 0.99 1.00  89.78 Unmap window via parent (16 kids) 

- 80.77 1.01 1.00 1.00 103.85 Unmap window via parent (25 kids) 

- 96.34 1.00 1.00 1.00 116.06 Unmap window via parent (50 kids) 

- 99.72 1.00 1.00 1.00 124.93 Unmap window via parent (75 kids) 

-112.36 1.00 1.00 1.00 125.27 Unmap window via parent (100 kids) 

-105.41 1.00 1.00 0.99 120.00 Unmap window via parent (200 kids) 

- 51.29 1.03 1.02 1.02  74.19 Destroy window via parent (4 kids) 

- 86.75 0.99 0.99 0.99 116.87 Destroy window via parent (16 kids) 

-106.43 1.01 1.01 1.01 127.49 Destroy window via parent (25 kids) 

-120.34 1.01 1.01 1.00 140.11 Destroy window via parent (50 kids) 

-126.67 1.00 0.99 0.99 145.00 Destroy window via parent (75 kids) 

-126.11 1.01 1.01 1.00 140.56 Destroy window via parent (100 kids) 

-128.57 1.01 1.00 1.00 137.91 Destroy window via parent (200 kids) 

- 16.04 0.88 1.00 1.00  20.36 Hide/expose window via popup (4 kids) 

- 19.04 1.01 1.00 1.00  23.48 Hide/expose window via popup (16 kids) 

- 19.22 1.00 1.00 1.00  20.44 Hide/expose window via popup (25 kids) 

- 17.41 1.00 0.91 0.97  17.68 Hide/expose window via popup (50 kids) 

- 17.29 1.01 1.00 1.01  17.07 Hide/expose window via popup (75 kids) 

- 16.74 1.00 1.00 1.00  16.17 Hide/expose window via popup (100 kids) 

- 10.30 1.00 1.00 1.00  10.51 Hide/expose window via popup (200 kids) 

- 16.48 1.01 1.00 1.00  26.05 Move window (4 kids) 

- 17.01 0.95 1.00 1.00  23.97 Move window (16 kids) 

- 16.95 1.00 1.00 1.00  22.90 Move window (25 kids) 

- 16.05 1.01 1.00 1.00  21.32 Move window (50 kids) 

- 15.58 1.00 0.98 0.98  19.44 Move window (75 kids) 

- 14.98 1.02 1.03 1.03  18.17 Move window (100 kids) 

- 10.90 1.01 1.01 1.00  12.68 Move window (200 kids) 

- 49.42 1.00 1.00 1.00 198.27 Moved unmapped window (4 kids) 

- 50.72 0.97 1.00 1.00 193.66 Moved unmapped window (16 kids) 

- 50.87 1.00 0.99 1.00 195.09 Moved unmapped window (25 kids) 

- 50.72 1.00 1.00 1.00 189.34 Moved unmapped window (50 kids) 

- 50.87 1.00 1.00 1.00 191.33 Moved unmapped window (75 kids) 

- 50.87 1.00 1.00 0.90 186.71 Moved unmapped window (100 kids) 

- 50.87 1.00 1.00 1.00 179.19 Moved unmapped window (200 kids) 

- 41.04 1.00 1.00 1.00  56.61 Move window via parent (4 kids) 

- 69.81 1.00 1.00 1.00 130.82 Move window via parent (16 kids) 

- 95.81 1.00 1.00 1.00 141.92 Move window via parent (25 kids) 

- 95.98 1.00 1.00 1.00 149.43 Move window via parent (50 kids) 

- 96.59 1.01 1.01 1.00 153.98 Move window via parent (75 kids) 

- 97.19 1.00 1.00 1.00 157.30 Move window via parent (100 kids) 

- 96.67 1.00 0.99 0.96 159.44 Move window via parent (200 kids) 

- 17.75 1.01 1.00 1.00  27.61 Resize window (4 kids) 

- 17.94 1.00 1.00 0.99  25.42 Resize window (16 kids) 

- 17.92 1.01 1.00 1.00  24.47 Resize window (25 kids) 

- 17.24 0.97 1.00 1.00  24.14 Resize window (50 kids) 

- 16.81 1.00 1.00 0.99  22.75 Resize window (75 kids) 

- 16.08 1.00 1.00 1.00  21.20 Resize window (100 kids) 

- 12.92 1.00 0.99 1.00  16.26 Resize window (200 kids) 

- 52.94 1.01 1.00 1.00 327.12 Resize unmapped window (4 kids) 

- 53.60 1.01 1.01 1.01 333.71 Resize unmapped window (16 kids) 

- 52.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 337.29 Resize unmapped window (25 kids) 

- 51.98 1.00 1.00 1.00 329.38 Resize unmapped window (50 kids) 

- 53.05 0.89 1.00 1.00 322.60 Resize unmapped window (75 kids) 

- 53.05 1.00 1.00 1.00 318.08 Resize unmapped window (100 kids) 

- 53.11 1.00 1.00 0.99 306.21 Resize unmapped window (200 kids) 

- 16.76 1.00 0.96 1.00  19.46 Circulate window (4 kids) 

- 17.24 1.00 1.00 0.97  16.24 Circulate window (16 kids) 

- 16.30 1.03 1.03 1.03  15.85 Circulate window (25 kids) 

- 13.45 1.00 1.00 1.00  14.90 Circulate window (50 kids) 

- 12.91 1.00 1.00 1.00  13.06 Circulate window (75 kids) 

- 11.30 0.98 1.00 1.00  11.03 Circulate window (100 kids) 

-  7.58 1.01 1.01 0.99   7.47 Circulate window (200 kids) 

-  1.01 1.01 0.98 1.00   0.95 Circulate Unmapped window (4 kids) 

-  1.07 1.07 1.01 1.07   1.02 Circulate Unmapped window (16 kids) 

-  1.04 1.09 1.06 1.05   0.97 Circulate Unmapped window (25 kids) 

-  1.04 1.23 1.20 1.18   1.05 Circulate Unmapped window (50 kids) 

-  1.18 1.53 1.19 1.45   1.24 Circulate Unmapped window (75 kids) 

-  1.08 1.02 1.01 1.74   1.01 Circulate Unmapped window (100 kids) 

-  1.01 1.12 0.98 0.91   0.97 Circulate Unmapped window (200 kids) 

-            </verb>

-

-<sect2>Profiling with OProfile

-

-<p>OProfile (available from http://oprofile.sourceforge.net/) is a

-system-wide profiler for Linux systems that uses processor-level

-counters to collect sampling data.  OProfile can provide information

-that is similar to that provided by <tt/gprof/, but without the

-necessity of recompiling the program with special instrumentation (i.e.,

-OProfile can collect statistical profiling information about optimized

-programs).  A test harness was developed to collect OProfile data for

-each <tt/x11perf/ test individually.

-

-<p>Test runs were performed using the RETIRED_INSNS counter on the AMD

-Athlon and the CPU_CLK_HALTED counter on the Intel Pentium III (with a

-test configuration different from the one described above).  We have

-examined OProfile output and have compared it with <tt/gprof/ output.

-This investigation has not produced results that yield performance

-increases in <tt/x11perf/ numbers.

-

-<!--

-<sect3>Retired Instructions

-

-<p>The initial tests using OProfile were done using the RETIRED_INSNS

-counter with DMX running on the dual-processor AMD Athlon machine - the

-same test configuration that was described above and that was used for

-other tests.  The RETIRED_INSNS counter counts retired instructions and

-showed drawing, text, copying, and image tests to be dominated (&gt;

-30%) by calls to Hash(), SecurityLookupIDByClass(),

-SecurityLookupIDByType(), and StandardReadRequestFromClient().  Some of

-these tests also executed significant instructions in

-WaitForSomething().

-

-<p>In contrast, the window tests executed significant

-instructions in SecurityLookupIDByType(), Hash(),

-StandardReadRequestFromClient(), but also executed significant

-instructions in other routines, such as ConfigureWindow().  Some time

-was spent looking at Hash() function, but optimizations in this routine

-did not lead to a dramatic increase in <tt/x11perf/ performance.

--->

-

-<!-- 

-<sect3>Clock Cycles

-

-<p>Retired instructions can be misleading because Intel/AMD instructions

-execute in variable amounts of time.  The OProfile tests were repeated

-using the Intel CPU_CLK_HALTED counter with DMX running on the second

-back-end machine.  Note that this is a different test configuration that

-the one described above.  However, these tests show the amount of time

-(as measured in CPU cycles) that are spent in each routine.  Because

-<tt/x11perf/ was running on the first back-end machine and because

-window optimizations were on, the load on the second back-end machine

-was not significant.

-

-<p>Using CPU_CLK_HALTED, DMX showed simple drawing

-tests spending more than 10% of their time in

-StandardReadRequestFromClient(), with significant time (&gt; 20% total)

-spent in SecurityLookupIDByClass(), WaitForSomething(), and Dispatch().

-For these tests, &lt; 5% of the time was spent in Hash(), which explains

-why optimizing the Hash() routine did not impact <tt/x11perf/ results.

-

-<p>The trapezoid, text, scrolling, copying, and image tests were

-dominated by time in ProcFillPoly(), PanoramiXFillPoly(), dmxFillPolygon(),

-SecurityLookupIDByClass(), SecurityLookupIDByType(), and

-StandardReadRequestFromClient().  Hash() time was generally above 5% but

-less than 10% of total time.

--->

-

-<sect2>X Test Suite

-

-<p>The X Test Suite was run on the fully optimized DMX server using the

-configuration described above.  The following failures were noted:

-            <verb>

-XListPixmapFormats: Test 1              [1]

-XChangeWindowAttributes: Test 32        [1]

-XCreateWindow: Test 30                  [1]

-XFreeColors: Test 4                     [3]

-XCopyArea: Test 13, 17, 21, 25, 30      [2]

-XCopyPlane: Test 11, 15, 27, 31         [2]

-XSetFontPath: Test 4                    [1]

-XChangeKeyboardControl: Test 9, 10      [1]

-

-[1] Previously documented errors expected from the Xinerama

-    implementation (see Phase I discussion).

-[2] Newly noted errors that have been verified as expected

-    behavior of the Xinerama implementation.

-[3] Newly noted error that has been verified as a Xinerama

-    implementation bug.

-            </verb>

-          

-<!-- ============================================================ -->

-<sect1>Phase III

-

-<p>During the third phase of development, support was provided for the

-following extensions: SHAPE, RENDER, XKEYBOARD, XInput.

-

-<sect2>SHAPE

-

-<p>The SHAPE extension is supported.  Test applications (e.g., xeyes and

-oclock) and window managers that make use of the SHAPE extension will

-work as expected.

-

-<sect2>RENDER

-

-<p>The RENDER extension is supported.  The version included in the DMX

-CVS tree is version 0.2, and this version is fully supported by Xdmx.

-Applications using only version 0.2 functions will work correctly;

-however, some apps that make use of functions from later versions do not

-properly check the extension's major/minor version numbers.  These apps

-will fail with a Bad Implementation error when using post-version 0.2

-functions.  This is expected behavior.  When the DMX CVS tree is updated

-to include newer versions of RENDER, support for these newer functions

-will be added to the DMX X server.

-

-<sect2>XKEYBOARD

-

-<p>The XKEYBOARD extension is supported.  If present on the back-end X

-servers, the XKEYBOARD extension will be used to obtain information

-about the type of the keyboard for initialization.  Otherwise, the

-keyboard will be initialized using defaults.  Note that this departs

-from older behavior: when Xdmx is compiled without XKEYBOARD support,

-the map from the back-end X server will be preserved.  With XKEYBOARD

-support, the map is not preserved because better information and control

-of the keyboard is available.

-

-<sect2>XInput

-

-<p>The XInput extension is supported.  Any device can be used as a core

-device and be used as an XInput extension device, with the exception of

-core devices on the back-end servers.  This limitation is present

-because cursor handling on the back-end requires that the back-end

-cursor sometimes track the Xdmx core cursor -- behavior that is

-incompatible with using the back-end pointer as a non-core device.

-

-<p>Currently, back-end extension devices are not available as Xdmx

-extension devices, but this limitation should be removed in the future.

-

-<p>To demonstrate the XInput extension, and to provide more examples for

-low-level input device driver writers, USB device drivers have been

-written for mice (usb-mou), keyboards (usb-kbd), and

-non-mouse/non-keyboard USB devices (usb-oth).  Please see the man page

-for information on Linux kernel drivers that are required for using

-these Xdmx drivers.

-

-<sect2>DPMS

-

-<p>The DPMS extension is exported but does not do anything at this time.

-

-<sect2>Other Extensions

-

-<p>The LBX,

-       SECURITY,

-       XC-APPGROUP, and

-       XFree86-Bigfont

-extensions do not require any special Xdmx support and have been exported.

-

-<p>The

-    BIG-REQUESTS,

-    DEC-XTRAP,

-    DOUBLE-BUFFER,

-    Extended-Visual-Information,

-    FontCache,

-    GLX,

-    MIT-SCREEN-SAVER,

-    MIT-SHM,

-    MIT-SUNDRY-NONSTANDARD,

-    RECORD,

-    SECURITY,

-    SGI-GLX,

-    SYNC,

-    TOG-CUP,

-    X-Resource,

-    XC-MISC,

-    XFree86-DGA,

-    XFree86-DRI,

-    XFree86-Misc,

-    XFree86-VidModeExtension, and

-    XVideo

-extensions are <it/not/ supported at this time, but will be evaluated

-for inclusion in future DMX releases.  <bf>See below for additional work

-on extensions after Phase III.</bf>

-

-<sect1>Phase IV

-

-<sect2>Moving to XFree86 4.3.0

-

-<p>For Phase IV, the recent release of XFree86 4.3.0 (27 February 2003)

-was merged onto the dmx.sourceforge.net CVS trunk and all work is

-proceeding using this tree.

-

-<sect2>Extensions 

-

-<sect3>XC-MISC (supported)

-

-<p>XC-MISC is used internally by the X library to recycle XIDs from the

-X server.  This is important for long-running X server sessions.  Xdmx

-supports this extension.  The X Test Suite passed and failed the exact

-same tests before and after this extension was enabled.

-<!-- Tested February/March 2003 -->

-

-<sect3>Extended-Visual-Information (supported)

-

-<p>The Extended-Visual-Information extension provides a method for an X

-client to obtain detailed visual information.  Xdmx supports this

-extension.  It was tested using the <tt>hw/dmx/examples/evi</tt> example

-program.  <bf/Note that this extension is not Xinerama-aware/ -- it will

-return visual information for each screen even though Xinerama is

-causing the X server to export a single logical screen.

-<!-- Tested March 2003 -->

-

-<sect3>RES (supported)

-

-<p>The X-Resource extension provides a mechanism for a client to obtain

-detailed information about the resources used by other clients.  This

-extension was tested with the <tt>hw/dmx/examples/res</tt> program.  The

-X Test Suite passed and failed the exact same tests before and after

-this extension was enabled.

-<!-- Tested March 2003 -->

-

-<sect3>BIG-REQUESTS (supported)

-

-<p>This extension enables the X11 protocol to handle requests longer

-than 262140 bytes.  The X Test Suite passed and failed the exact same

-tests before and after this extension was enabled.

-<!-- Tested March 2003 -->

-

-<sect3>XSYNC (supported)

-

-<p>This extension provides facilities for two different X clients to

-synchronize their requests.  This extension was minimally tested with

-<tt/xdpyinfo/ and the X Test Suite passed and failed the exact same

-tests before and after this extension was enabled.

-<!-- Tested March 2003 -->

-

-<sect3>XTEST, RECORD, DEC-XTRAP (supported) and XTestExtension1 (not supported)

-

-<p>The XTEST and RECORD extension were developed by the X Consortium for

-use in the X Test Suite and are supported as a standard in the X11R6

-tree.  They are also supported in Xdmx.  When X Test Suite tests that

-make use of the XTEST extension are run, Xdmx passes and fails exactly

-the same tests as does a standard XFree86 X server.  When the

-<tt/rcrdtest/ test (a part of the X Test Suite that verifies the RECORD

-extension) is run, Xdmx passes and fails exactly the same tests as does

-a standard XFree86 X server. <!-- Tested February/March 2003 -->

-

-<p>There are two older XTEST-like extensions: DEC-XTRAP and

-XTestExtension1.  The XTestExtension1 extension was developed for use by

-the X Testing Consortium for use with a test suite that eventually

-became (part of?) the X Test Suite.  Unlike XTEST, which only allows

-events to be sent to the server, the XTestExtension1 extension also

-allowed events to be recorded (similar to the RECORD extension).  The

-second is the DEC-XTRAP extension that was developed by the Digital

-Equipment Corporation.

-

-<p>The DEC-XTRAP extension is available from Xdmx and has been tested

-with the <tt/xtrap*/ tools which are distributed as standard X11R6

-clients. <!-- Tested March 2003 -->

-

-<p>The XTestExtension1 is <em/not/ supported because it does not appear

-to be used by any modern X clients (the few that support it also support

-XTEST) and because there are no good methods available for testing that

-it functions correctly (unlike XTEST and DEC-XTRAP, the code for

-XTestExtension1 is not part of the standard X server source tree, so

-additional testing is important). <!-- Tested March 2003 -->

-

-<p>Most of these extensions are documented in the X11R6 source tree.

-Further, several original papers exist that this author was unable to

-locate -- for completeness and historical interest, citations are

-provide:

-<descrip>

-<tag/XRECORD/ Martha Zimet. Extending X For Recording.  8th Annual X

-Technical Conference Boston, MA January 24-26, 1994.

-<tag/DEC-XTRAP/ Dick Annicchiarico, Robert Chesler, Alan Jamison. XTrap

-Architecture. Digital Equipment Corporation, July 1991.

-<tag/XTestExtension1/ Larry Woestman. X11 Input Synthesis Extension

-Proposal. Hewlett Packard, November 1991.

-</descrip>

-

-<sect3>MIT-MISC (not supported)

-

-<p>The MIT-MISC extension is used to control a bug-compatibility flag

-that provides compatibility with xterm programs from X11R1 and X11R2.

-There does not appear to be a single client available that makes use of

-this extension and there is not way to verify that it works correctly.

-The Xdmx server does <em/not/ support MIT-MISC.

-

-<sect3>SCREENSAVER (not supported)

-

-<p>This extension provides special support for the X screen saver.  It

-was tested with beforelight, which appears to be the only client that

-works with it.  When Xinerama was not active, <tt/beforelight/ behaved

-as expected.  However, when Xinerama was active, <tt/beforelight/ did

-not behave as expected.  Further, when this extension is not active,

-<tt/xscreensaver/ (a widely-used X screen saver program) did not behave

-as expected.  Since this extension is not Xinerama-aware and is not

-commonly used with expected results by clients, we have left this

-extension disabled at this time.

-

-<sect3>GLX (supported)

-

-<p>The GLX extension provides OpenGL and GLX windowing support.  In

-Xdmx, the extension is called glxProxy, and it is Xinerama aware.  It

-works by either feeding requests forward through Xdmx to each of the

-back-end servers or handling them locally.  All rendering requests are

-handled on the back-end X servers.  This code was donated to the DMX

-project by SGI.  For the X Test Suite results comparison, see below.

-

-<sect3>RENDER (supported)

-

-<p>The X Rendering Extension (RENDER) provides support for digital image

-composition.  Geometric and text rendering are supported.  RENDER is

-partially Xinerama-aware, with text and the most basic compositing

-operator; however, its higher level primitives (triangles, triangle

-strips, and triangle fans) are not yet Xinerama-aware.  The RENDER

-extension is still under development, and is currently at version 0.8.

-Additional support will be required in DMX as more primitives and/or

-requests are added to the extension.

-

-<p>There is currently no test suite for the X Rendering Extension;

-however, there has been discussion of developing a test suite as the

-extension matures.  When that test suite becomes available, additional

-testing can be performed with Xdmx.  The X Test Suite passed and failed

-the exact same tests before and after this extension was enabled.

-

-<sect3>Summary

-

-<!-- WARNING: this list is duplicated in the "Common X extension

-support" section -->

-<p>To summarize, the following extensions are currently supported:

-    BIG-REQUESTS,

-    DEC-XTRAP,

-    DMX,

-    DPMS,

-    Extended-Visual-Information,

-    GLX,

-    LBX,

-    RECORD,

-    RENDER,

-    SECURITY,

-    SHAPE,

-    SYNC,

-    X-Resource,

-    XC-APPGROUP,

-    XC-MISC,

-    XFree86-Bigfont,

-    XINERAMA,

-    XInputExtension,

-    XKEYBOARD, and

-    XTEST.

-

-<p>The following extensions are <em/not/ supported at this time:

-    DOUBLE-BUFFER,

-    FontCache,

-    MIT-SCREEN-SAVER,

-    MIT-SHM,

-    MIT-SUNDRY-NONSTANDARD,

-    TOG-CUP,

-    XFree86-DGA,

-    XFree86-Misc,

-    XFree86-VidModeExtension,

-    XTestExtensionExt1, and

-    XVideo.

-

-<sect2>Additional Testing with the X Test Suite

-

-<sect3>XFree86 without XTEST

-

-<p>After the release of XFree86 4.3.0, we retested the XFree86 X server

-with and without using the XTEST extension.  When the XTEST extension

-was <em/not/ used for testing, the XFree86 4.3.0 server running on our

-usual test system with a Radeon VE card reported unexpected failures in

-the following tests:

-<verb>

-XListPixmapFormats: Test 1

-XChangeKeyboardControl: Tests 9, 10

-XGetDefault: Test 5

-XRebindKeysym: Test 1

-</verb>

-

-<sect3>XFree86 with XTEST

-

-<p>When using the XTEST extension, the XFree86 4.3.0 server reported the

-following errors:

-<verb>

-XListPixmapFormats: Test 1

-XChangeKeyboardControl: Tests 9, 10

-XGetDefault: Test 5

-XRebindKeysym: Test 1

-

-XAllowEvents: Tests 20, 21, 24

-XGrabButton: Tests 5, 9-12, 14, 16, 19, 21-25

-XGrabKey: Test 8

-XSetPointerMapping: Test 3

-XUngrabButton: Test 4

-</verb>

-

-<p>While these errors may be important, they will probably be fixed

-eventually in the XFree86 source tree.  We are particularly interested

-in demonstrating that the Xdmx server does not introduce additional

-failures that are not known Xinerama failures.

-

-<sect3>Xdmx with XTEST, without Xinerama, without GLX

-

-<p>Without Xinerama, but using the XTEST extension, the following errors

-were reported from Xdmx (note that these are the same as for the XFree86

-4.3.0, except that XGetDefault no longer fails):

-<verb>

-XListPixmapFormats: Test 1

-XChangeKeyboardControl: Tests 9, 10

-XRebindKeysym: Test 1

-

-XAllowEvents: Tests  20, 21, 24

-XGrabButton: Tests 5, 9-12, 14, 16, 19, 21-25

-XGrabKey: Test 8

-XSetPointerMapping: Test 3

-XUngrabButton: Test 4

-</verb>

-

-<sect3>Xdmx with XTEST, with Xinerama, without GLX

-

-<p>With Xinerama, using the XTEST extension, the following errors

-were reported from Xdmx:

-<verb>

-XListPixmapFormats: Test 1

-XChangeKeyboardControl: Tests 9, 10

-XRebindKeysym: Test 1

-

-XAllowEvents: Tests 20, 21, 24

-XGrabButton: Tests 5, 9-12, 14, 16, 19, 21-25

-XGrabKey: Test 8

-XSetPointerMapping: Test 3

-XUngrabButton: Test 4

-

-XCopyPlane: Tests 13, 22, 31 (well-known XTEST/Xinerama interaction issue)

-XDrawLine: Test 67

-XDrawLines: Test 91

-XDrawSegments: Test 68

-</verb>

-Note that the first two sets of errors are the same as for the XFree86

-4.3.0 server, and that the XCopyPlane error is a well-known error

-resulting from an XTEST/Xinerama interaction when the request crosses a

-screen boundary.  The XDraw* errors are resolved when the tests are run

-individually and they do not cross a screen boundary.  We will

-investigate these errors further to determine their cause.

-

-<sect3>Xdmx with XTEST, with Xinerama, with GLX

-

-<p>With GLX enabled, using the XTEST extension, the following errors

-were reported from Xdmx (these results are from early during the Phase

-IV development, but were confirmed with a late Phase IV snapshot):

-<verb>

-XListPixmapFormats: Test 1

-XChangeKeyboardControl: Tests 9, 10

-XRebindKeysym: Test 1

-

-XAllowEvents: Tests 20, 21, 24

-XGrabButton: Tests 5, 9-12, 14, 16, 19, 21-25

-XGrabKey: Test 8

-XSetPointerMapping: Test 3

-XUngrabButton: Test 4

-

-XClearArea: Test 8

-XCopyArea: Tests 4, 5, 11, 14, 17, 23, 25, 27, 30

-XCopyPlane: Tests 6, 7, 10, 19, 22, 31

-XDrawArcs: Tests 89, 100, 102

-XDrawLine: Test 67

-XDrawSegments: Test 68

-</verb>

-Note that the first two sets of errors are the same as for the XFree86

-4.3.0 server, and that the third set has different failures than when

-Xdmx does not include GLX support.  Since the GLX extension adds new

-visuals to support GLX's visual configs and the X Test Suite runs tests

-over the entire set of visuals, additional rendering tests were run and

-presumably more of them crossed a screen boundary.  This conclusion is

-supported by the fact that nearly all of the rendering errors reported

-are resolved when the tests are run individually and they do no cross a

-screen boundary.

-

-<p>Further, when hardware rendering is disabled on the back-end displays,

-many of the errors in the third set are eliminated, leaving only:

-<verb>

-XClearArea: Test 8

-XCopyArea: Test 4, 5, 11, 14, 17, 23, 25, 27, 30

-XCopyPlane: Test 6, 7, 10, 19, 22, 31

-</verb>

-

-<sect3>Conclusion

-

-<p>We conclude that all of the X Test Suite errors reported for Xdmx are

-the result of errors in the back-end X server or the Xinerama

-implementation.  Further, all of these errors that can be reasonably

-fixed at the Xdmx layer have been.  (Where appropriate, we have

-submitted patches to the XFree86 and Xinerama upstream maintainers.)

-

-<sect2>Dynamic Reconfiguration

-

-<p>During this development phase, dynamic reconfiguration support was

-added to DMX.  This support allows an application to change the position

-and offset of a back-end server's screen.  For example, if the

-application would like to shift a screen slightly to the left, it could

-query Xdmx for the screen's &lt;x,y&gt; position and then dynamically

-reconfigure that screen to be at position &lt;x+10,y&gt;.  When a screen

-is dynamically reconfigured, input handling and a screen's root window

-dimensions are adjusted as needed.  These adjustments are transparent to

-the user.

-

-<sect3>Dynamic reconfiguration extension

-

-<p>The application interface to DMX's dynamic reconfiguration is through

-a function in the DMX extension library:

-<verb>

-Bool DMXReconfigureScreen(Display *dpy, int screen, int x, int y)

-</verb>

-where <it/dpy/ is DMX server's display, <it/screen/ is the number of the

-screen to be reconfigured, and <it/x/ and <it/y/ are the new upper,

-left-hand coordinates of the screen to be reconfigured.

-

-<p>The coordinates are not limited other than as required by the X

-protocol, which limits all coordinates to a signed 16 bit number.  In

-addition, all coordinates within a screen must also be legal values.

-Therefore, setting a screen's upper, left-hand coordinates such that the

-right or bottom edges of the screen is greater than 32,767 is illegal.

-

-<sect3>Bounding box

-

-<p>When the Xdmx server is started, a bounding box is calculated from

-the screens' layout given either on the command line or in the

-configuration file.  This bounding box is currently fixed for the

-lifetime of the Xdmx server.

-

-<p>While it is possible to move a screen outside of the bounding box, it

-is currently not possible to change the dimensions of the bounding box.

-For example, it is possible to specify coordinates of &lt;-100,-100&gt;

-for the upper, left-hand corner of the bounding box, which was

-previously at coordinates &lt;0,0&gt;.  As expected, the screen is moved

-down and to the right; however, since the bounding box is fixed, the

-left side and upper portions of the screen exposed by the

-reconfiguration are no longer accessible on that screen.  Those

-inaccessible regions are filled with black.

-

-<p>This fixed bounding box limitation will be addressed in a future

-development phase.

-

-<sect3>Sample applications

-

-<p>An example of where this extension is useful is in setting up a video

-wall.  It is not always possible to get everything perfectly aligned,

-and sometimes the positions are changed (e.g., someone might bump into a

-projector).  Instead of physically moving projectors or monitors, it is

-now possible to adjust the positions of the back-end server's screens

-using the dynamic reconfiguration support in DMX.

-

-<p>Other applications, such as automatic setup and calibration tools,

-can make use of dynamic reconfiguration to correct for projector

-alignment problems, as long as the projectors are still arranged

-rectilinearly.  Horizontal and vertical keystone correction could be

-applied to projectors to correct for non-rectilinear alignment problems;

-however, this must be done external to Xdmx.

-

-<p>A sample test program is included in the DMX server's examples

-directory to demonstrate the interface and how an application might use

-dynamic reconfiguration.  See <tt/dmxreconfig.c/ for details.

-

-<sect3>Additional notes

-

-<p>In the original development plan, Phase IV was primarily devoted to

-adding OpenGL support to DMX; however, SGI became interested in the DMX

-project and developed code to support OpenGL/GLX.  This code was later

-donated to the DMX project and integrated into the DMX code base, which

-freed the DMX developers to concentrate on dynamic reconfiguration (as

-described above).

-

-<sect2>Doxygen documentation

-

-<p>Doxygen is an open-source (GPL) documentation system for generating

-browseable documentation from stylized comments in the source code.  We

-have placed all of the Xdmx server and DMX protocol source code files

-under Doxygen so that comprehensive documentation for the Xdmx source

-code is available in an easily browseable format.

-

-<sect2>Valgrind

-

-<p>Valgrind, an open-source (GPL) memory debugger for Linux, was used to

-search for memory management errors.  Several memory leaks were detected

-and repaired.  The following errors were not addressed:

-<enum>

-    <item>

-        When the X11 transport layer sends a reply to the client, only

-        those fields that are required by the protocol are filled in --

-        unused fields are left as uninitialized memory and are therefore

-        noted by valgrind.  These instances are not errors and were not

-        repaired.

-    <item>

-        At each server generation, glxInitVisuals allocates memory that

-        is never freed.  The amount of memory lost each generation

-        approximately equal to 128 bytes for each back-end visual.

-        Because the code involved is automatically generated, this bug

-        has not been fixed and will be referred to SGI.

-    <item>

-        At each server generation, dmxRealizeFont calls XLoadQueryFont,

-        which allocates a font structure that is not freed.

-        dmxUnrealizeFont can free the font structure for the first

-        screen, but cannot free it for the other screens since they are

-        already closed by the time dmxUnrealizeFont could free them.

-        The amount of memory lost each generation is approximately equal

-        to 80 bytes per font per back-end.  When this bug is fixed in

-        the the X server's device-independent (dix) code, DMX will be

-        able to properly free the memory allocated by XLoadQueryFont.

-</enum>

-

-<sect2>RATS

-

-<p>RATS (Rough Auditing Tool for Security) is an open-source (GPL)

-security analysis tool that scans source code for common

-security-related programming errors (e.g., buffer overflows and TOCTOU

-races).  RATS was used to audit all of the code in the hw/dmx directory

-and all "High" notations were checked manually.  The code was either

-re-written to eliminate the warning, or a comment containing "RATS" was

-inserted on the line to indicate that a human had checked the code.

-Unrepaired warnings are as follows:

-<enum>

-    <item>

-        Fixed-size buffers are used in many areas, but code has been

-        added to protect against buffer overflows (e.g., XmuSnprint).

-        The only instances that have not yet been fixed are in

-        config/xdmxconfig.c (which is not part of the Xdmx server) and

-        input/usb-common.c.

-    <item>

-        vprintf and vfprintf are used in the logging routines.  In

-        general, all uses of these functions (e.g., dmxLog) provide a

-        constant format string from a trusted source, so the use is

-        relatively benign.

-    <item>

-        glxProxy/glxscreens.c uses getenv and strcat.  The use of these

-        functions is safe and will remain safe as long as

-        ExtensionsString is longer then GLXServerExtensions (ensuring

-        this may not be ovious to the casual programmer, but this is in

-        automatically generated code, so we hope that the generator

-        enforces this constraint).

-</enum>

-

-  </article>

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