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+<DRAFT!>
+			HOWTO certificates
+
+1. Introduction
+
+How you handle certificates depend a great deal on what your role is.
+Your role can be one or several of:
+
+  - User of some client software
+  - User of some server software
+  - Certificate authority
+
+This file is for users who wish to get a certificate of their own.
+Certificate authorities should read ca.txt.
+
+In all the cases shown below, the standard configuration file, as
+compiled into openssl, will be used.  You may find it in /etc/,
+/usr/local/ssl/ or somewhere else.  The name is openssl.cnf, and
+is better described in another HOWTO <config.txt?>.  If you want to
+use a different configuration file, use the argument '-config {file}'
+with the command shown below.
+
+
+2. Relationship with keys
+
+Certificates are related to public key cryptography by containing a
+public key.  To be useful, there must be a corresponding private key
+somewhere.  With OpenSSL, public keys are easily derived from private
+keys, so before you create a certificate or a certificate request, you
+need to create a private key.
+
+Private keys are generated with 'openssl genrsa' if you want a RSA
+private key, or 'openssl gendsa' if you want a DSA private key.
+Further information on how to create private keys can be found in
+another HOWTO <keys.txt?>.  The rest of this text assumes you have
+a private key in the file privkey.pem.
+
+
+3. Creating a certificate request
+
+To create a certificate, you need to start with a certificate
+request (or, as some certificate authorities like to put
+it, "certificate signing request", since that's exactly what they do,
+they sign it and give you the result back, thus making it authentic
+according to their policies).  A certificate request can then be sent
+to a certificate authority to get it signed into a certificate, or if
+you have your own certificate authority, you may sign it yourself, or
+if you need a self-signed certificate (because you just want a test
+certificate or because you are setting up your own CA).
+
+The certificate request is created like this:
+
+  openssl req -new -key privkey.pem -out cert.csr
+
+Now, cert.csr can be sent to the certificate authority, if they can
+handle files in PEM format.  If not, use the extra argument '-outform'
+followed by the keyword for the format to use (see another HOWTO
+<formats.txt?>).  In some cases, that isn't sufficient and you will
+have to be more creative.
+
+When the certificate authority has then done the checks the need to
+do (and probably gotten payment from you), they will hand over your
+new certificate to you.
+
+Section 5 will tell you more on how to handle the certificate you
+received.
+
+
+4. Creating a self-signed test certificate
+
+If you don't want to deal with another certificate authority, or just
+want to create a test certificate for yourself.  This is similar to
+creating a certificate request, but creates a certificate instead of
+a certificate request.  This is NOT the recommended way to create a
+CA certificate, see ca.txt.
+
+  openssl req -new -x509 -key privkey.pem -out cacert.pem -days 1095
+
+
+5. What to do with the certificate
+
+If you created everything yourself, or if the certificate authority
+was kind enough, your certificate is a raw DER thing in PEM format.
+Your key most definitely is if you have followed the examples above.
+However, some (most?) certificate authorities will encode them with
+things like PKCS7 or PKCS12, or something else.  Depending on your
+applications, this may be perfectly OK, it all depends on what they
+know how to decode.  If not, There are a number of OpenSSL tools to
+convert between some (most?) formats.
+
+So, depending on your application, you may have to convert your
+certificate and your key to various formats, most often also putting
+them together into one file.  The ways to do this is described in
+another HOWTO <formats.txt?>, I will just mention the simplest case.
+In the case of a raw DER thing in PEM format, and assuming that's all
+right for yor applications, simply concatenating the certificate and
+the key into a new file and using that one should be enough.  With
+some applications, you don't even have to do that.
+
+
+By now, you have your cetificate and your private key and can start
+using the software that depend on it.
+
+-- 
+Richard Levitte