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\begin{document}

\title{Double Buffer Extension Library\\Protocol Version 1.0\\X Consortium Standard}
\author{Ian Elliott\\Hewlett-Packard Company \and David P. Wiggins\\X Consortium, Inc.}
\maketitle
\thispagestyle{empty}

\eject

Copyright \copyright 1989 X Consortium, Inc. and Digital Equipment Corporation.

Copyright \copyright 1992 X Consortium, Inc. and Intergraph Corporation.

Copyright \copyright 1993 X Consortium, Inc. and Silicon Graphics, Inc.

Copyright \copyright 1994, 1995 X Consortium, Inc. and Hewlett-Packard Company.

Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this documentation for
any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
Digital Equipment Corporation, Intergraph Corporation, Silicon
Graphics, Hewlett-Packard, and the X Consortium make no
representations about the suitability for any purpose of the
information in this document.  This documentation is provided ``as is''
without express or implied warranty.

\eject

\section{Introduction}

The Double Buffer Extension (DBE) provides a standard way to utilize
double-buffering within the framework of the X Window System.
Double-buffering uses two buffers, called front and back, which hold
images.  The front buffer is visible to the user; the back buffer is
not.  Successive frames of an animation are rendered into the back
buffer while the previously rendered frame is displayed in the front
buffer.  When a new frame is ready, the back and front buffers swap
roles, making the new frame visible.  Ideally, this exchange appears to
happen instantaneously to the user and with no visual artifacts.  Thus,
only completely rendered images are presented to the user, and they remain
visible during the entire time it takes to render a new frame.  The
result is a flicker-free animation.

\section{Goals}

This extension should enable clients to:
\begin{itemize}

\item Allocate and deallocate double-buffering for a window.

\item Draw to and read from the front and back buffers associated with
a window.

\item Swap the front and back buffers associated with a window.

\item Specify a wide range of actions to be taken when a window is
swapped.  This includes explicit, simple swap actions (defined
below), and more complex actions (for example, clearing ancillary buffers)
that can be put together within explicit ``begin'' and ``end''
requests (defined below).

\item Request that the front and back buffers associated with multiple
double-buffered windows be swapped simultaneously.

\end{itemize}

In addition, the extension should:

\begin{itemize}

\item Allow multiple clients to use double-buffering on the same window.

\item Support a range of implementation methods that can capitalize on
existing hardware features.

\item Add no new event types.

\item Be reasonably easy to integrate with a variety of direct graphics
hardware access (DGHA) architectures.
\end{itemize}

\section{Concepts}

Normal windows are created using the core \requestname{CreateWindow}
request, which allocates a set of window attributes and, for
\literal{InputOutput} windows, a front buffer,
into which an image can be drawn.
The contents of this buffer will be displayed when the window is
visible.

This extension enables applications to use double-buffering with a
window.  This involves creating a second buffer, called a back buffer,
and associating one or more back buffer names (\typename{XID}s) with
the window for use when referring to (that is, drawing to or reading
from) the window's back buffer.  The back buffer name is a
\typename{DRAWABLE} of type \typename{BACKBUFFER}.

DBE provides a relative double-buffering model.  One XID, the window,
always refers to the front buffer.  One or more other XIDs, the back buffer
names, always refer to the back buffer.  After a buffer swap, the
window continues to refer to the (new) front buffer, and the
back buffer name continues to refer to the (new) back buffer.  Thus,
applications and toolkits that want to just render to the back buffer
always use the back buffer name for all drawing requests to the
window.  Portions of an application that want to render to the front
buffer always use the window XID for all drawing requests to the
window.

Multiple clients and toolkits can all use double-buffering on the same
window.  DBE does not provide a request for querying whether a window
has double-buffering support, and if so, what the back buffer name is.
Given the asynchronous nature of the X Window System, this would cause
race conditions.  Instead, DBE allows multiple back buffer names to
exist for the same window; they all refer to the same physical back
buffer.  The first time a back buffer name is allocated for a window,
the window becomes double-buffered and the back buffer name is
associated with the window.  Subsequently, the window already is a
double-buffered window, and nothing about the window changes when a
new back buffer name is allocated, except that the new back buffer
name is associated with the window.  The window remains
double-buffered until either the window is destroyed or until all of
the back buffer names for the window are deallocated.

In general, both the front and back buffers are treated the same.  In
particular, here are some important characteristics:

\begin{itemize}

\item Only one buffer per window can be visible at a time (the
front buffer).

\item Both buffers associated with a window have the same visual type,
depth, width, height, and shape as the window.

\item Both buffers associated with a window are ``visible'' (or
``obscured'') in the same way.  When an \literal{Expose} event is
generated for
a window, both buffers should be considered to be damaged in the
exposed area.  Damage that occurs to either buffer will result in an
\literal{Expose} event on the window.  When a double-buffered window is
exposed,
both buffers are tiled with the window background, exactly as stated
by the core protocol.  Even though the back buffer is not visible,
terms such as obscure apply to the back buffer as well as to the front
buffer.

\item It is acceptable at any time to pass a \typename{BACKBUFFER} in
any request, notably any core or extension drawing request, that
expects a \typename{DRAWABLE}.  This enables an application to draw
directly into \typename{BACKBUFFER}s in the same fashion as it would
draw into any other \typename{DRAWABLE}.

\item It is an error (\literal{Window}) to pass a \typename{BACKBUFFER} in a
core request that expects a Window.

\item A \typename{BACKBUFFER} will never be sent by core X in a reply,
event, or error where a Window is specified.
\item If core X11 backing-store and save-under applies to a
double-buffered window, it applies to both buffers equally.

\item If the core \requestname{ClearArea} request is executed on a
double-buffered window, the same area in both the front and back
buffers is cleared.

\end{itemize}

The effect of passing a window to a request that accepts a
\typename{DRAWABLE} is unchanged by this extension.  The window and
front buffer are synonomous with each other.  This includes obeying
the \requestname{GetImage} semantics and the subwindow-mode semantics
if a core graphics context is involved.  Regardless of whether the
window was explicitly passed in a \requestname{GetImage} request, or
implicitly referenced (that is, one of the window's ancestors was passed
in the request), the front (that is, visible) buffer is always referenced.
Thus, DBE-na\"{\i}ve screen dump clients will always get the front buffer.
\requestname{GetImage} on a back buffer returns undefined image
contents for any obscured regions of the back buffer that fall within
the image.

Drawing to a back buffer always uses the clip region that would be
used to draw to the front buffer with a GC subwindow-mode of
\literal{ClipByChildren}.  If an ancestor of a double-buffered window is drawn
to with a core GC having a subwindow-mode of \literal{IncludeInferiors}, the
effect on the double-buffered window's back buffer depends on the
depth of the double-buffered window and the ancestor.  If the depths
are the same, the contents of the back buffer of the double-buffered
window are not changed.  If the depths are different, the contents of
the back buffer of the double-buffered window are undefined for the
pixels that the \literal{IncludeInferiors} drawing touched.

DBE adds no new events.  DBE does not extend the semantics of any
existing events with the exception of adding a new \typename{DRAWABLE}
type called \typename{BACKBUFFER}.  If events, replies, or errors that
contain a \typename{DRAWABLE} (for example, \literal{GraphicsExpose}) are
generated in
response to a request, the \typename{DRAWABLE} returned will be the
one specified in the request.

DBE advertises which visuals support double-buffering.

DBE does not include any timing or synchronization facilities.
Applications that need such facilities (for example, to maintain a constant
frame rate) should investigate the Synchronization Extension, an X
Consortium standard.

\subsection{Window Management Operations}

The basic philosophy of DBE is that both buffers are treated the same by
core X window management operations.

When the core \requestname{DestroyWindow} is executed on a
double-buffered window, both buffers associated with the window are
destroyed, and all back buffer names associated with the window are
freed.

If the core \requestname{ConfigureWindow} request changes the size of
a window, both buffers assume the new size.  If the window's size
increases, the effect on the buffers depends on whether the
implementation honors bit gravity for buffers.  If bit gravity is
implemented, then the contents of both buffers are moved in accordance
with the window's bit gravity (see the core
\requestname{ConfigureWindow} request), and the remaining areas are
tiled with the window background.  If bit gravity is not implemented,
then the entire unobscured region of both buffers is tiled with the
window background.  In either case, \literal{Expose} events are generated for
the region that is tiled with the window background.

If the core \requestname{GetGeometry} request is executed on a
\typename{BACKBUFFER}, the returned x, y, and border-width will be
zero.

If the Shape extension \requestname{ShapeRectangles},
\requestname{ShapeMask}, \requestname{ShapeCombine}, or
\requestname{ShapeOffset} request is executed on a double-buffered
window, both buffers are reshaped to match the new window shape.  The
region difference is the following:

\[ D = new shape - old shape \]

It is tiled with the window background in both buffers,
and \literal{Expose} events are generated for D.

\subsection{Complex Swap Actions}

DBE has no explicit knowledge of ancillary buffers (for example, depth buffers
or alpha buffers), and only has a limited set of defined swap actions.
Some applications may need a richer set of swap actions than DBE
provides.  Some DBE implementations have knowledge of ancillary
buffers, and/or can provide a rich set of swap actions.  Instead of
continually extending DBE to increase its set of swap actions, DBE
provides a flexible ``idiom'' mechanism.  If an application's needs
are served by the defined swap actions, it should use them; otherwise,
it should use the following method of expressing a complex swap action
as an idiom.  Following this policy will ensure the best possible
performance across a wide variety of implementations.

As suggested by the term ``idiom,'' a complex swap action should be
expressed as a group/series of requests.  Taken together, this group
of requests may be combined into an atomic operation by the
implementation, in order to maximize performance.  The set of idioms
actually recognized for optimization is implementation dependent.  To
help with idiom expression and interpretation, an idiom must be
surrounded by two protocol requests: \requestname{DBEBeginIdiom} and
\requestname{DBEEndIdiom}.  Unless this begin-end pair surrounds the
idiom, it may not be recognized by a given implementation, and
performance will suffer.

For example, if an application wants to swap buffers for two windows,
and use core X to clear only certain planes of the back buffers, the
application would issue the following protocol requests as a group, and
in the following order:

\begin{itemize}
\item \requestname{DBEBeginIdiom} request.
\item \requestname{DBESwapBuffers} request with XIDs for two windows, each
of which uses a swap action of \literal{Untouched}.
\item Core X \requestname{PolyFillRectangle} request to the back buffer of one window.
\item Core X \requestname{PolyFillRectangle} request to the back buffer of the other window.
\item \requestname{DBEEndIdiom} request.
\end{itemize}

The \requestname{DBEBeginIdiom} and \requestname{DBEEndIdiom} requests
do not perform any actions themselves.  They are treated as markers by
implementations that can combine certain groups/series of requests as
idioms, and are ignored by other implementations or for nonrecognized
groups/series of requests.  If these requests are sent out of order,
or are mismatched, no errors are sent, and the requests are executed
as usual, though performance may suffer.

An idiom need not include a \requestname{DBESwapBuffers} request.  For
example, if a swap action of \literal{Copied} is desired, but only some of the
planes should be copied, a core X \requestname{CopyArea} request may
be used instead of \requestname{DBESwapBuffers}.  If
\requestname{DBESwapBuffers} is included in an idiom, it should
immediately follow the \requestname{DBEBeginIdiom} request.  Also,
when the \requestname{DBESwapBuffers} is included in an idiom, that
request's swap action will still be valid, and if the swap action
might overlap with another request, then the final result of the idiom
must be as if the separate requests were executed serially.  For
example, if the specified swap action is \literal{Untouched}, and if a
\requestname{PolyFillRectangle} using a client clip rectangle is done
to the window's back buffer after the \requestname{DBESwapBuffers}
request, then the contents of the new back buffer (after the idiom)
will be the same as if the idiom was not recognized by the
implementation.

It is highly recommended that Application Programming Interface (API) 
providers define, and application developers use, ``convenience'' functions 
that allow client applications to call one procedure that encapsulates common idioms.
These functions will generate the \requestname{DBEBeginIdiom} request,
the idiom requests, and \requestname{DBEEndIdiom} request.  Usage of
these functions will ensure best possible performance across a wide
variety of implementations.

\section{C Language Binding}

The header for this extension is \verb|<X11/extensions/Xdbe.h>|.  All
identifier names provided by this header begin with Xdbe.

\subsection{Types}

The type \libtypename{XdbeBackBuffer} is a \libtypename{Drawable}.

The type \libtypename{XdbeSwapAction} can be one of the constants
\literal{XdbeUndefined}, \literal{XdbeBackground},
\literal{XdbeUntouched}, or \literal{XdbeCopied}.

\subsection{C Functions}

The C functions provide direct access to the protocol and add no
additional semantics.  For complete details on the effects of these
functions, refer to the appropriate protocol request, which can be
derived by replacing Xdbe at the start of the function name with DBE\@.
All functions that have return type \libtypename{Status} will return
nonzero for success and zero for failure.

% start marker
\begin{keeptogether}
\begin{cfunction}{Status}{XdbeQueryExtension}
\cargdecl{Display *}{dpy},
\cargdecl{int *}{major\_version\_return},
\cargdecl{int *}{minor\_version\_return}
\end{cfunction}
% end marker

\cfunctionname{XdbeQueryExtension} sets major\_version\_return and
minor\_version\_return to the major and minor DBE protocol
version supported by the server.  If the DBE library is compatible
with the version returned by the server, it returns
nonzero.  If dpy does not support the DBE extension, or if
there was an error during communication with the server, or if the
server and library protocol versions are incompatible, it
returns zero.  No other Xdbe functions may be called before this
function.  If a client violates this rule, the effects of all
subsequent Xdbe calls that it makes are undefined.
\end{keeptogether}

% start marker
\begin{keeptogether}
\begin{cfunction}{XdbeScreenVisualInfo *}{XdbeGetVisualInfo}
\cargdecl{Display *}{dpy},
\cargdecl{Drawable *}{screen\_specifiers},
\cargdecl{int *}{num\_screens}
\end{cfunction}
% end marker

\cfunctionname{XdbeGetVisualInfo}  returns information about which visuals support
double buffering.  The argument num\_screens specifies how many
elements there are in the screen\_specifiers list.  Each
drawable in screen\_specifiers designates a screen for which
the supported visuals are being requested.  If num\_screens
is zero, information for all screens is requested.  In this case, upon
return from this function, num\_screens will be set to the
number of screens that were found.  If an error occurs, this function
returns NULL; otherwise, it returns a pointer to a list of
\libtypename{XdbeScreenVisualInfo} structures of length num\_screens.
The {\it n}th element in the returned list corresponds to the {\it n}th
drawable in the screen\_specifiers list, unless
num\_screens was passed in with the value zero, in which
case the {\it n}th element in the returned list corresponds to the
{\it n}th screen of the server, starting with screen zero.

The \libtypename{XdbeScreenVisualInfo} structure has the following
fields:

\begin{tabular}{lll}
\typename{int} & \argname{count} & number of items in visinfo \\
\typename{XdbeVisualInfo *} & \argname{visinfo} & list of visuals and depths for this screen \\
\end{tabular}

The \libtypename{XdbeVisualInfo} structure has the following fields:

\begin{tabular}{lll}
\typename{VisualID} & \argname{visual} & one visual ID that supports double-buffering\\
\typename{int} & \argname{depth} & depth of visual in bits \\
\typename{int} & \argname{perflevel} & performance level of visual \\
\end{tabular}
\end{keeptogether}

% start marker
\begin{keeptogether}
\begin{cfunction}{void }{XdbeFreeVisualInfo}
\cargdecl{XdbeScreenVisualInfo *}{visual\_info}
\end{cfunction}
% end marker

\cfunctionname{XdbeFreeVisualInfo} frees the list of \libtypename{XdbeScreenVisualInfo}
returned by \cfunctionname{XdbeGetVisualInfo}.
\end{keeptogether}

% start marker
\begin{keeptogether}
\begin{cfunction}{XdbeBackBuffer}{XdbeAllocateBackBufferName}
\cargdecl{Display *}{dpy},
\cargdecl{Window}{window},
\cargdecl{XdbeSwapAction}{swap\_action}
\end{cfunction}
% end marker

\cfunctionname{XdbeAllocateBackBufferName} returns a drawable ID used to refer
to the back buffer of the specified window. 
The swap\_action is a hint to indicate the swap action 
that will likely be used in subsequent calls to
\cfunctionname{XdbeSwapBuffers}. 
The actual swap action used in calls to
\cfunctionname{XdbeSwapBuffers} does not have
to be the same as the swap\_action passed to this function,
though clients are encouraged to provide accurate information whenever
possible.
\end{keeptogether}

% start marker
\begin{keeptogether}
\begin{cfunction}{Status}{XdbeDeallocateBackBufferName}
\cargdecl{Display *}{dpy},
\cargdecl{XdbeBackBuffer}{buffer}
\end{cfunction}
% end marker

\cfunctionname{XdbeDeallocateBackBufferName} frees the specified
drawable ID, buffer,
that was obtained via \cfunctionname{XdbeAllocateBackBufferName}.  The buffer
must be a valid name for the back buffer of a window, or an
\literal{XdbeBadBuffer}
error results.
\end{keeptogether}

% start marker
\begin{keeptogether}
\begin{cfunction}{Status}{XdbeSwapBuffers}
\cargdecl{Display *}{dpy},
\cargdecl{XdbeSwapInfo *}{swap\_info},
\cargdecl{int}{num\_windows}
\end{cfunction}
% end marker

\cfunctionname{XdbeSwapBuffers} swaps the front and back buffers for a list of windows.
The argument num\_windows specifies how many windows are to
have their buffers swapped; it is the number of elements in the
swap\_info array.  The argument swap\_info
specifies the information needed per window to do the swap.

The \libtypename{XdbeSwapInfo} structure has the following fields:

\begin{tabular}{lll}
\typename{Window} & \argname{swap\_window} & window for which to swap buffers \\
\typename{XdbeSwapAction} & \argname{swap\_action} & swap action to use for this swap\_window \\
\end{tabular}
\end{keeptogether}

% start marker
\begin{keeptogether}
\begin{cfunction}{Status}{XdbeBeginIdiom}
\cargdecl{Display *}{dpy}
\end{cfunction}
% end marker

\cfunctionname{XdbeBeginIdiom} marks the beginning of an idiom sequence.
See section 3.2
for a complete discussion of idioms.
\end{keeptogether}

% start marker
\begin{keeptogether}
\begin{cfunction}{Status}{XdbeEndIdiom}
\cargdecl{Display *}{dpy}
\end{cfunction}
% end marker

\cfunctionname{XdbeEndIdiom} marks the end of an idiom sequence.
\end{keeptogether}

% start marker
\begin{keeptogether}
\begin{cfunction}{XdbeBackBufferAttributes *}{XdbeGetBackBufferAttributes}
\cargdecl{Display *}{dpy},
\cargdecl{XdbeBackBuffer}{buffer}
\end{cfunction}
% end marker

\cfunctionname{XdbeGetBackBufferAttributes} returns the attributes associated 
with the specified buffer.

The \libtypename{XdbeBackBufferAttributes} structure has the following fields:

\begin{tabular}{lll}
\typename{Window} & \argname{window} & window that buffer belongs to \\
\end{tabular}

If buffer is not a valid \libtypename{XdbeBackBuffer},
window is set to \literal{None}.

The returned \libtypename{XdbeBackBufferAttributes} structure can be
freed with the Xlib function \cfunctionname{XFree}.
\end{keeptogether}

\begin{keeptogether}
\subsection{Errors}

The \libtypename{XdbeBufferError} structure has the following fields:

\begin{tabular}{lll}
\typename{int} & \argname{type} \\
\typename{Display *} & \argname{display}& Display the event was read from\\
\typename{XdbeBackBuffer} &  \argname{buffer}& resource id \\
\typename{unsigned long} & \argname{serial}& serial number of failed request\\
\typename{unsigned char} & \argname{error\_code}& error base + \literal{XdbeBadBuffer}\\
\typename{unsigned char} & \argname{request\_code}& Major op-code of failed request\\
\typename{unsigned char} & \argname{minor\_code}& Minor op-code of failed request\\
\end{tabular}
\end{keeptogether}

\pagebreak[4]
\section{Acknowledgements}

We wish to thank the following individuals who have contributed their
time and talent toward shaping the DBE specification:

T. Alex Chen, IBM;
Peter Daifuku, Silicon Graphics, Inc.; 
Ian Elliott, Hewlett-Packard Company;
Stephen Gildea, X Consortium, Inc.;
Jim Graham, Sun;
Larry Hare, AGE Logic;
Jay Hersh, X Consortium, Inc.;
Daryl Huff, Sun;
Deron Dann Johnson, Sun;
Louis Khouw, Sun;
Mark Kilgard, Silicon Graphics, Inc.;
Rob Lembree, Digital Equipment Corporation;
Alan Ricker, Metheus;
Michael Rosenblum, Digital Equipment Corporation;
Bob Scheifler, X Consortium, Inc.;
Larry Seiler, Digital Equipment Corporation;
Jeanne Sparlin Smith, IBM;
Jeff Stevenson, Hewlett-Packard Company;
Walter Strand, Metheus;
Ken Tidwell, Hewlett-Packard Company; and
David P. Wiggins, X Consortium, Inc.

Mark provided the impetus to start the DBE project.  Ian wrote the
first draft of the specification.  David served as architect.

\section{References}

Jeffrey Friedberg, Larry Seiler, and Jeff Vroom, ``Multi-buffering Extension
Specification Version 3.3.''

Tim Glauert, Dave Carver, Jim Gettys, and David P. Wiggins,
``X Synchronization Extension Version 3.0.'' 

\end{document}
